A novel SLC1A4 homozygous mutation causing congenital microcephaly, epileptic encephalopathy and spastic tetraparesis: a video-EEG and tractography - case study

Abstract

Biallelic mutations in the SLC1A4 gene have been identified as a very rare cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. l-serine transport deficiency has been regarded as the causal molecular mechanism underlying the neurological phenotype of SLC1A4 mutation patients. To date this genetic condition has been reported almost exclusively in a limited number of Ashkenazi-Jewish individuals and as a result the SLC1A4 gene is not routinely included in the majority of the genetic diagnostic panels for neurological diseases. We hereby report a 7-year-old boy from a Southern Italian family, presenting with epileptic encephalopathy, congenital microcephaly, global developmental delay, severe hypotonia, spasticity predominant at the lower limbs, and thin corpus callosum. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel segregating SLC1A4 gene homozygous mutation (c.1141G > A: p.Gly381Arg) as the likely cause of the disease in our family. In order to deeply characterize the electro-clinical and neurological phenotype in our index patient, long-term systematic video-electroencephalograms (EEG) as well as repeated brain imaging studies (which included tractographic reconstructions) were performed on a regular basis during a 7 years follow-up time. In conclusion, we suggest to carefully considering SLC1A4 biallelic mutations in individuals presenting an early onset severe neurodevelopmental disorder with variable spasticity and seizures, regardless the patients' ethnic background.

Keywords: SLC1A4 gene; developmental and epileptic encephalopathy; tractography; video-EEG; whole-exome sequencing.