Restoring Axonal Function with 4-Aminopyridine: Clinical Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond

Abstract

The oral potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine has been used in various neurological conditions for decades. Numerous case reports and studies have supported its clinical efficacy in ameliorating the clinical presentation of certain neurological disorders. However, its short half-life, erratic drug levels, and safety-related dose restrictions limited its use as a self-compounded drug in clinical practice. This changed with the introduction of a prolonged-release formulation, which was successfully tested in patients with multiple sclerosis. It was fully approved by the US FDA in January 2010 but initially received only conditional approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2011. After additional clinical studies, this conditional approval was changed to unrestricted approval in August 2017. This article reviews and discusses these recent studies and places aminopyridines and their clinical utility into the context of a broader spectrum of neurological disorders, where clinical efficacy has been suggested. In 2010, prolonged-release 4-aminopyridine became the first drug specifically licensed to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis. About one-third of patients across disease courses benefit from this treatment. In addition, various reports indicate clinical efficacy beyond multiple sclerosis, which may broaden its use in clinical practice.