Dance training is superior to repetitive physical exercise in inducing brain plasticity in the elderly

Abstract

Animal research indicates that a combination of physical activity and sensory enrichment has the largest and the only sustaining effect on adult neuroplasticity. Dancing has been suggested as a human homologue to this combined intervention as it poses demands on both physical and cognitive functions. For the present exploratory study, we designed an especially challenging dance program in which our elderly participants constantly had to learn novel and increasingly difficult choreographies. This six-month-long program was compared to conventional fitness training matched for intensity. An extensive pre/post-assessment was performed on the 38 participants (63-80 y), covering general cognition, attention, memory, postural and cardio-respiratory performance, neurotrophic factors and-most crucially-structural MRI using an exploratory analysis. For analysis of MRI data, a new method of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) designed specifically for pairwise longitudinal group comparisons was employed. Both interventions increased physical fitness to the same extent. Pronounced differences were seen in the effects on brain volumes: Dancing compared to conventional fitness activity led to larger volume increases in more brain areas, including the cingulate cortex, insula, corpus callosum and sensorimotor cortex. Only dancing was associated with an increase in plasma BDNF levels. Regarding cognition, both groups improved in attention and spatial memory, but no significant group differences emerged. The latter finding may indicate that cognitive benefits may develop later and after structural brain changes have taken place. The present results recommend our challenging dance program as an effective measure to counteract detrimental effects of aging on the brain.

Fig 1. Flow chart of the study design.

After all drop outs, we compared the data from 20 individuals in the experimental dance group with the data sets from 18 sportspersons in the control group.

Fig 2. Gray matter volume increases for the contrast dance > sport (red-colored) and for the contrast sport > dance (blue-colored).

Annotation. ACC: anterior cingulate cortex, MCC: medial cingulate cortex, SMA: supplementary motor area, V1: primary visual cortex.

Fig 3. Comparison of white matter volume increases for the contrast dance > sport (red-colored) and for the contrast sport > dance (blue-colored).

Annotation. AWS: anterior white matter, OWS: occipital white matter, TWS: temporal white matter.

Fig 4. Intraindividual changes in plasma BDNF level after intervention.