Stretch, Injury and Inflammation Markers Evaluation to Predict Clinical Outcomes After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Heart Failure Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy reduced all-cause mortality. Conversely, few studies reported that ICDs' shocks may reduce survival. Recently authors suggested that, multiple inflammatory and molecular pathways were related to worse prognosis in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients treated by ICDs. Therefore, it may be relevant to find new biomarkers to predict ICDs' shock and worse prognosis in treated patients. Methods: In 99 MS vs. 107 no MS patients treated by ICD for primary prevention, we evaluated all-cause mortality, cardiac deaths, hospitalization for heart failure, appropriate and inappropriate therapy, and survival after appropriate ICD therapy. Results: MS vs. no MS patients had higher levels of failing heart stress biomarkers. The highest values of ST2 were related to worse prognosis. Patients who had better survival after appropriate ICD therapy were those associated with lowest ST2 values. At multivariate Cox regression analysis, C reactive protein (CRP) (0.110 [0.027-0.446], p-value 0.002), troponine I (TnI) protein (0.010 [0.001-0.051], p-value 0.010), and B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (1.151 [1.010-1.510], p-value 0.001), predicted all cause of deaths. BNP predicted cardiac deaths (1.010 [1.001-1.206], p-value 0.033). MS, and BNP predicted hospitalization for heart failure events (2.902 [1.345-4.795], p-value 0.001; 1.005 [1.000-1.016], p-value 0.007). ST2 predicted appropriate therapy (1.012 [1.007-1.260], p-value 0.001), as BNP (1.005 [1.001-1.160], p-value 0.028), LVEF (1.902 [1.857-1.950], p-value 0.001), and CRP (1.833 [1.878-1.993], p-value 0.028). ST2, and BNP predicted survival after ICD appropriate therapy (4.297 [1.985-9.302], p-value 0.001; 1.210 [1.072-1.685], p-value 0.024). Conclusions: ST2 values may differentiate MS patients with a higher risk of ICDs' therapy, and worse prognosis. Therefore, ST2 protein may be used as valid monitoring biomarker, and as a predictive biomarker in failing heart ICDs' patients affected by MS.

Keywords: ICDs' shocks; ST2 protein; heart failure; hospitalization; internal cardioverter defibrillator.

Figure 1

The curve representation of all deaths events as “cumulative survival from all deaths events” (on y axis) during 360 days follow up (on x axis) comparing MS vs. no MS patients (left part), and different quartiles (right part).

Figure 2

The curve representation of cardiac deaths events as “cumulative survival from cardiac deaths events” (on y axis) during 360 days follow up (on x axis) comparing MS vs. no MS patients (left part), and different quartiles (right part).

Figure 3

The curve representation of hospitalization for heart failure events as “cumulative survival from hospitalization for heart failure events” (on y axis) during 360 days follow up (on x axis) comparing MS vs. no MS patients (left part), and different quartiles (right part).

Figure 4

The curve representation of survival after ICD therapy events as “cumulative survival after ICD therapy events” (on y axis) during 360 days follow up (on x axis) comparing MS vs. no MS patients (left part), and different quartiles (right part).

Figure 5

The curve representation of “cumulative survival from ICD appropriate therapy events” (on y axis) during 360 days follow up (on x axis) comparing MS vs. no MS patients (left part), and different quartiles (right part).

Figure 6

The curve representation of “cumulative survival from ICD inappropriate therapy events” (on y axis) during 360 days follow up (on x axis) comparing MS vs. no MS patients (left part), and different quartiles (right part).

Figure 7

In the right part of the figure study outcomes reported for ST2 quartiles (I, II, III, IV quartile) in ng/ml. In the y axis number of events for each ST2 quartile. In the x axis the study outcomes. In green color I ST2 quartile. In yellow II ST2 quartile. In orange III ST2 quartile. In red IV ST2 quartile. A p < 0.05 is marked with symbol: ^* if ST2 IV vs. ST2 I; ^** if ST2 IV vs. ST2 III; ^*** if ST2 IV vs. ST2 II; ° if ST2 I vs. ST2 IV; °° if ST2 I vs. ST2 III.