Resistance to sliding in orthodontics: misconception or method error? A systematic review and a proposal of a test protocol

Abstract

Resistance to sliding (RS) between the bracket, wire, and ligature has been largely debated in orthodontics. Despite the extensive number of published studies, the lack of discussion of the methods used has led to little understanding of this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to discuss variables affecting RS in orthodontics and to suggest an operative protocol. The search included PubMed©, Medline©, and the Cochrane Library©. References of full-text articles were manually analyzed. English-language articles published between January 2007 and January 2017 that performed an in vitro analysis of RS between the bracket, wire, and ligature were included. Study methods were analyzed based on the study design, description of materials, and experimental setup, and a protocol to standardize the testing methods was proposed. From 404 articles identified from the database search and 242 records selected from published references, 101 were eligible for the qualitative analysis, and six for the quantitative synthesis. One or more experimental parameters were incompatible and a meta-analysis was not performed. Major factors regarding the study design, materials, and experimental setup were not clearly described by most studies. The normal force, that is the force perpendicular to the sliding of the wire and one of the most relevant variable in RS, was not considered by most studies. Different variables were introduced, often acting as confounding factors. A protocol was suggested to standardize testing procedures and enhance the understanding of in vitro findings.

Keywords: Biomaterial science; Bracket; Wire.

Figure 1. Example of a wire inserted into a bracket slot describing the first order plane (I, brown), second order plane (II, green), third order plane (III, blue), and their respective axes (apico-coronal, linguo-vestibular, and mesio-distal). In the example, a normal force (ligating force) (NF, gray arrow) is applied on the second-order plane of the wire. Because of the orthodontic force (OF, purple arrow), which can be generated either by movement of the bracket or the wire, resistance to the sliding of the wire (RS, red arrow) is created along the mesio-distal axis. In this case, the contact surface responsible for the RS is on the II order (RS_II).

Figure 2. Flow diagram of the study selection.