Low calcium intakes among Australian adolescents and young adults are associated with higher consumption of discretionary foods and beverages

Abstract

Objectives: Calcium is an essential nutrient required for peak bone mass growth during adolescence and into young adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine the calcium intake of Australian adolescents and young adults from both food sources and supplements; and the relationship between calcium intake and intake of food groups.

Methods: Dietary data from 770 adolescents (14-18 y of age) and 774 young adults (19-25 y of age) from the 2011 to 12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were used. Analysis of covariances were conducted to identify associations between calcium intake and consumption of food groups.

Results: For adolescents, 83% of males and 95% of females did not meet the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR); whereas for young adults, 69% of males and 83% of females failed to meet the EAR. Food sources contributing to calcium intake were similar across age groups and sex. The largest contributors included regular milk (15-24%), cheese (10-12%), refined low-fiber bread (10%), and low-fat milk (7-9%). For both age groups, the lowest consumers of calcium were the poorest consumers of dairy products and the highest consumers of discretionary food choices and alcoholic beverages. A higher consumption of calcium was associated with a higher intake of dairy products and lower intakes of meat and alternatives and all discretionary choices.

Conclusions: Calcium intake among Australian adolescents and young adults remains below recommendations, particularly in females. A higher intake of calcium was associated with a better dietary pattern. Further investment in interventions is indicated.

Keywords: Adolescents; Calcium; Dairy products; Food consumption; Nutrition survey; Young adults.