Hypovolemia and Hypovolemic Shock

Excerpt

Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by a significant reduction in blood volume, which prevents the heart from pumping enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Hypovolemia leads to inadequate tissue perfusion and hypoxia and can quickly progress to organ dysfunction or failure if not promptly addressed. Common causes include significant blood loss from trauma, childbirth complications, or internal bleeding, as well as severe dehydration from poor fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea, or burns.

Patients typically present with a rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, weakness, confusion, decreased urine output, low blood pressure, cold and clammy skin, anxiety, sweating, and pale skin color. Treatment focuses on rapidly restoring blood volume and stabilizing vital functions through intravenous fluid resuscitation, blood transfusions when needed, medications to support blood pressure and cardiac output, and, in some cases, surgical intervention to control active bleeding. Diagnosis is based on a physical examination, including assessment of vital signs, skin condition, and mental status, as well as blood tests such as urinary sodium levels, serum lactate levels, complete blood count, chemistry panels, and coagulation studies to determine the cause and severity. Prompt, effective treatment is essential to improve survival and prevent complications, as prolonged or severe hypovolemic shock significantly increases the risk of organ failure and death.