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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Jul 19;7(7):CD006732.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006732.pub4.

Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals

France Légaré  1 , Rhéda Adekpedjou, Dawn Stacey, Stéphane Turcotte, Jennifer Kryworuchko, Ian D Graham, Anne Lyddiatt, Mary C Politi, Richard Thomson, Glyn Elwyn, Norbert Donner-Banzhoff
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals

France Légaré et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Shared decision making (SDM) is a process by which a healthcare choice is made by the patient, significant others, or both with one or more healthcare professionals. However, it has not yet been widely adopted in practice. This is the second update of this Cochrane review.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of interventions for increasing the use of SDM by healthcare professionals. We considered interventions targeting patients, interventions targeting healthcare professionals, and interventions targeting both.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and five other databases on 15 June 2017. We also searched two clinical trials registries and proceedings of relevant conferences. We checked reference lists and contacted study authors to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: Randomized and non-randomized trials, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series studies evaluating interventions for increasing the use of SDM in which the primary outcomes were evaluated using observer-based or patient-reported measures.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.

Main results: We included 87 studies (45,641 patients and 3113 healthcare professionals) conducted mainly in the USA, Germany, Canada and the Netherlands. Risk of bias was high or unclear for protection against contamination, low for differences in the baseline characteristics of patients, and unclear for other domains.Forty-four studies evaluated interventions targeting patients. They included decision aids, patient activation, question prompt lists and training for patients among others and were administered alone (single intervention) or in combination (multifaceted intervention). The certainty of the evidence was very low. It is uncertain if interventions targeting patients when compared with usual care increase SDM whether measured by observation (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.13 to 1.22; 4 studies; N = 424) or reported by patients (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.48; 9 studies; N = 1386; risk difference (RD) -0.09, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.01; 6 studies; N = 754), reduce decision regret (SMD -0.10, 95% CI -0.39 to 0.19; 1 study; N = 212), improve physical (SMD 0.00, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.36; 1 study; N = 116) or mental health-related quality of life (QOL) (SMD 0.10, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.46; 1 study; N = 116), affect consultation length (SMD 0.10, 95% CI -0.39 to 0.58; 2 studies; N = 224) or cost (SMD 0.82, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.22; 1 study; N = 105).It is uncertain if interventions targeting patients when compared with interventions of the same type increase SDM whether measured by observation (SMD 0.88, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.37; 3 studies; N = 271) or reported by patients (SMD 0.03, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.24; 11 studies; N = 1906); (RD 0.03, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.08; 10 studies; N = 2272); affect consultation length (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.00; 1 study; N = 39) or costs. No data were reported for decision regret, physical or mental health-related QOL.Fifteen studies evaluated interventions targeting healthcare professionals. They included educational meetings, educational material, educational outreach visits and reminders among others. The certainty of evidence is very low. It is uncertain if these interventions when compared with usual care increase SDM whether measured by observation (SMD 0.70, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.19; 6 studies; N = 479) or reported by patients (SMD 0.03, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.20; 5 studies; N = 5772); (RD 0.01, 95%C: -0.03 to 0.06; 2 studies; N = 6303); reduce decision regret (SMD 0.29, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.51; 1 study; N = 326), affect consultation length (SMD 0.51, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81; 1 study, N = 175), cost (no data available) or physical health-related QOL (SMD 0.16, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.36; 1 study; N = 359). Mental health-related QOL may slightly improve (SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.49; 1 study, N = 359; low-certainty evidence).It is uncertain if interventions targeting healthcare professionals compared to interventions of the same type increase SDM whether measured by observation (SMD -0.30, 95% CI -1.19 to 0.59; 1 study; N = 20) or reported by patients (SMD 0.24, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.58; 2 studies; N = 1459) as the certainty of the evidence is very low. There was insufficient information to determine the effect on decision regret, physical or mental health-related QOL, consultation length or costs.Twenty-eight studies targeted both patients and healthcare professionals. The interventions used a combination of patient-mediated and healthcare professional directed interventions. Based on low certainty evidence, it is uncertain whether these interventions, when compared with usual care, increase SDM whether measured by observation (SMD 1.10, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.79; 6 studies; N = 1270) or reported by patients (SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.28; 7 studies; N = 1479); (RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.19; 2 studies; N = 266); improve physical (SMD 0.08, -0.37 to 0.54; 1 study; N = 75) or mental health-related QOL (SMD 0.01, -0.44 to 0.46; 1 study; N = 75), affect consultation length (SMD 3.72, 95% CI 3.44 to 4.01; 1 study; N = 36) or costs (no data available) and may make little or no difference to decision regret (SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.33; 1 study; low-certainty evidence).It is uncertain whether interventions targeting both patients and healthcare professionals compared to interventions of the same type increase SDM whether measured by observation (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -1.17 to 0.60; 1 study; N = 20); (RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.04; 1 study; N = 134) or reported by patients (SMD 0.00, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.32; 1 study; N = 150 ) as the certainty of the evidence was very low. There was insuffient information to determine the effects on decision regret, physical or mental health-related quality of life, or consultation length or costs.

Authors' conclusions: It is uncertain whether any interventions for increasing the use of SDM by healthcare professionals are effective because the certainty of the evidence is low or very low.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

FL: none known. DS: none known. ST: none known. JK: none known. IDG: none known. AL: none known. MCP: is on the Medication Adherence Advisory Board for Merck. RT: none known. GE: none known. NDB: none known. RA: none known.

This review includes studies that were published by some of its authors (DS, FL, GE, IDG, NDB). FL was involved in the evaluation of the certainty of the evidence but was blinded to the identification of the included studies to avoid conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram of Cochrane update on interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals (up to 15 June 2017)
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Group 1: Interventions targeting patients compared to usual care, outcome: 1.2 Shared decision making (PROM, continuous).
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 4 Group 4: Inteventions targeting patients compared to other interventions targeting patients, outcome: 4.2 Shared decision making (PROM, continuous).
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 4 Group 4: Inteventions targeting patients compared to other interventions targeting patients, outcome: 4.6 Shared decision making (PROM, categorical).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Myers 2011 {published data only}
    1. Myers RE, Daskalakis C, Kunkel EJ, Cocroft JR, Riggio JM, Capkin M, et al. Mediated decision support in prostate cancer screening: a randomized controlled trial of decision counselling. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;83(2):240‐6. [PUBMED: 20619576] - PubMed
Nannenga 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Jones LA, Weymiller AJ, Shah N, Bryant SC, Christianson TJH, Guyatt GH, et al. Should clinicians deliver decision aids? Further exploration of the statin choice randomized trial results. Medical Decision Making 2009;29(4):468‐74. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989X09333120] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nannenga MR, Montori VM, Weymiller AJ, Smith SA, Christianson TJ, Bryant SC, et al. A treatment decision aid may increase patient trust in the diabetes specialist. The Statin Choice randomized trial. Health Expectations 2009;12(1):38‐44. [PUBMED: 19250151] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weymiller AJ, Montori VM, Jones LA, Gafni A, Guyatt GH, Bryant SC, et al. Helping patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus make treatment decisions: statin choice randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(10):1076‐82. - PubMed
O'Cathain 2002 {published data only}
    1. O'Cathain A, Walters SJ, Nicholl JP, Thomas KJ, Kirkham M. Use of evidence based leaflets to promote informed choice in maternity care: randomised controlled trial in everyday practice. BMJ 2002;324(7338):643. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7338.643] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Perestelo‐Perez 2016 {published data only}
    1. Perestelo‐Perez L, Rivero‐Santana A, Boronat M, Sanchez‐Afonso JA, Perez‐Ramos J, Montori VM, et al. Effect of the statin choice encounter decision aid in Spanish patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Patient Education and Counselling 2016;99(2):295‐9. - PubMed
Pickett 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pickett SA, Diehl SM, Steigman PJ, Prater JD, Fox A, Shipley P, et al. Consumer empowerment and self‐advocacy outcomes in a randomized study of peer‐led education. Community Mental Health Journal 2012;48(4):420‐30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10597-012-9507-0] - DOI - PubMed
Raynes‐Greenow 2010 {published data only}
    1. Raynes‐Greenow CH, Nassar N, Torvaldsen S, Trevena L, Roberts CL. Assisting informed decision making for labour analgesia: a randomised controlled trial of a decision aid for labour analgesia versus a pamphlet. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2010;10:15. [PUBMED: 20377844] - PMC - PubMed
Rise 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rise MB, Eriksen L, Grimstad H, Steinsbekk A. The long‐term effect on mental health symptoms and patient activation of using patient feedback scales in mental health out‐patient treatment. A randomised controlled trial. Patient Education and Counselling 2016;99(1):164‐8. - PubMed
    1. Rise MB, Eriksen L, Grimstad H, Steinsbekk A. The short‐term effect on alliance and satisfaction of using patient feedback scales in mental health out‐patient treatment. A randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2012 Oct 3;12:348. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-348] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Roter 2012 {published data only}
    1. Roter DL, Wexler R, Naragon P, Forrest B, Dees J, Almodovar A, et al. The impact of patient and physician computer mediated communication skill training on reported communication and patient satisfaction. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;88(3):406‐13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.06.020] - DOI - PubMed
Sanders 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sanders AR, Bensing JM, Essed MA, Magnee T, Wit NJ, Verhaak PF. Does training general practitioners result in more shared decision making during consultations?. Patient Education and Counselling 2017;100(3):563‐74. - PubMed
Schroy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schroy PC 3rd, Emmons K, Peters E, Glick JT, Robinson PA, Lydotes MA, et al. The impact of a novel computer‐based decision aid on shared decision making for colorectal cancer screening: a randomized trial. Medical Decision Making 2011;31(1):93‐107. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989X10369007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schroy 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schroy PC 3rd, Duhovic E, Chen CA, Heeren TC, Lopez W, Apodaca DL, et al. Risk stratification and shared decision making for colorectal cancer screening: a randomized controlled trial. Medical Decision Making 2016;36(4):526‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Shepherd 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shepherd HL, Barratt A, Trevena LJ, McGeechan K, Carey K, Epstein RM, et al. Three questions that patients can ask to improve the quality of information physicians give about treatment options: a cross‐over trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;84(3):379‐85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.07.022] - DOI - PubMed
Sheridan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sheridan SL, Golin C, Bunton A, Lykes JB, Schwartz B, McCormack L, et al. Shared decision making for prostate cancer screening: the results of a combined analysis of two practice‐based randomized controlled trials. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2012 Nov 13;12:130. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-130] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sheridan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sheridan SL, Draeger LB, Pignone MP, Rimer B, Bangdiwala SI, Cai J, et al. The effect of a decision aid intervention on decision making about coronary heart disease risk reduction: secondary analyses of a randomized trial. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2014 Feb 28;14:14. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-14-14] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Smallwood 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Smallwood AJ, Schapira MM, Fedders M, Neuner JM. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a decision aid with tailored fracture risk tool delivered via a patient portal. Osteoporosis International 2017;28(2):567‐76. - PubMed
Stacey 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stacey D, O'Connor AM, Graham ID, Pomey MP. Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of an intervention to implement evidence‐based patient decision support in a nursing call centre. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2006;12(8):410‐5. [DOI: 10.1258/135763306779378663] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Stacey D, Taljaard M, Drake ER, O'Connor AM. Audit and feedback using the brief Decision Support Analysis Tool (DSAT‐10) to evaluate nurse–standardized patient encounters. Patient Education and Counseling 2008;73(3):519‐25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.07.016] - DOI - PubMed
Stiggelbout 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stiggelbout AM, Molewijk AC, Otten W, Bockel JH, Bruijninckx CM, Salm I, et al. The impact of individualized evidence‐based decision support on aneurysm patients' decision making, ideals of autonomy, and quality of life. Medical Decision Making 2008;28(5):751‐62. [PUBMED: 18626126] - PubMed
Street 1995 {published data only}
    1. Street RL Jr, Voigt B, Geyer C Jr, Manning T, Swanson GP. Increasing patient involvement in choosing treatment for early breast cancer. Cancer 1995;76(11):2275‐85. [CENTRAL: 00124857] - PubMed
Tai‐Seale 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dillon EC, Stults CD, Wilson C, Chuang J, Meehan A, Li M, et al. An evaluation of two interventions to enhance patient‐physician communication using the observer OPTION5 measure of shared decision making. Patient Education and Counseling 2017;100(10):1910‐7. [PUBMED: 28532861] - PubMed
    1. Tai‐Seale M, Elwyn G, Wilson C J, Stults C, Dillon E C, Li M, et al. Enhancing shared decision making through carefully designed interventions that target patient and provider behavior. Health Affairs 2016;35(4):605‐12. - PubMed
Thomson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Thomson RG, Eccles MP, Steen IN, Greenaway J, Stobbart L, Murtagh MJ, May CR. A patient decision aid to support shared decision‐making on anti‐thrombotic treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation: randomised controlled trial. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2007 Jun;16(3):216‐23. [DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2006.018481] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tinsel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tinsel I, Buchholz A, Vach W, Siegel A, Dürk T, Buchholz A, et al. Shared decision‐making in antihypertensive therapy: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2013 Sep 11;14:135. [doi: 10.1186/1471‐2296‐14‐135] - PMC - PubMed
van der Krieke 2013 {published data only}
    1. Krieke L, Emerencia AC, Boonstra N, Wunderink L, Jonge P, Sytema S. A web‐based tool to support shared decision making for people with a psychotic disorder: randomized controlled trial and process evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013 Oct 7;15(10):e216. [10.2196/jmir.2851] - PMC - PubMed
van Peperstraten 2010 {published data only}
    1. Peperstraten A, Nelen W, Grol R, Zielhuis G, Adang E, Stalmeier P, et al. The effect of a multifaceted empowerment strategy on decision making about the number of embryos transferred in in vitro fertilisation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010:341:c2501. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c2501] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Peperstraten AM, Hermens RP, Nelen WL, Stalmeier PF, Wetzels AM, Maas PH, et al. Deciding how many embryos to transfer after in vitro fertilisation: development and pilot test of a decision aid. Patient Education and Counselling 2010;78(1):124‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.04.007] - DOI - PubMed
van Roosmalen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Roosmalen MS, Stalmeier PF, Verhoef LC, Hoekstra‐Weebers JE, Oosterwijk JC, Hoogerbrugge N, et al. Randomized trial of a shared decision‐making intervention consisting of trade‐offs and individualized treatment information for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004 Aug 15;22(16):3293‐301. [DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.05.066] - DOI - PubMed
van Tol‐Geerdink 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tol‐Geerdink JJ, Leer JW, Wijburg CJ, Oort IM, Vergunst H, Lin EJ, et al. Does a decision aid for prostate cancer affect different aspects of decisional regret, assessed with new regret scales? A randomized, controlled trial. Health Expectations 2016;19(2):459‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Vestala 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vestala H, Frisman GH. Can participation in documentation influence experiences of involvement in care decision‐making?. Open Nursing Journal 2013 May 16;7:66‐72. [DOI: 10.2174/1874434620130516002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vodermaier 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vodermaier A, Caspari C, Koehm J, Kahlert S, Ditsch N, Untch M. Contextual factors in shared decision making: a randomised controlled trial in women with a strong suspicion of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2009;100(4):590‐7. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604916] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Warner 2015 {published data only}
    1. Warner DO, LeBlanc A, Kadimpati S, Vickers KS, Shi Y, Montori VM. Decision aid for cigarette smokers scheduled for elective surgery. Anesthesiology 2015;123(1):18‐28. - PMC - PubMed
Wetzels 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wetzels R, Wensing M, Weel C, Grol R. A consultation leaflet to improve an older patient's involvement in general practice care: a randomized trial. Health Expectations 2005;8(4):286‐94. [CENTRAL: 00531671] - PMC - PubMed
Wilkes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wilkes MS, Day FC, Srinivasan M, Griffin E, Tancredi DJ, Rainwater JA, et al. Pairing physician education with patient activation to improve shared decisions in prostate cancer screening: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2013;11(4):324‐34. [DOI: 10.1370/afm.1550] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wolderslund 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wolderslund M, Kofoed PE, Holst R, Axboe M, Ammentorp J. Digital audio recordings improve the outcomes of patient consultations: a randomised cluster trial. Patient Education and Counselling 2017;100(2):242‐9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alexander 2006 {published data only}
    1. Alexander SC, Keitz SA, Sloane R, Tulsky JA. A controlled trial of a short course to improve residents' communication with patients at the end of life. Academic Medicine 2006;81(11):1008‐12. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ACM.0000242580.83851.ad] - DOI - PubMed
Aljumah 2015 {published data only}
    1. Aljumah K, Hassali MA. Impact of pharmacist intervention on adherence and measurable patient outcomes among depressed patients: a randomised controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:219. - PMC - PubMed
Allen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Allen JD, Mohllajee AP, Shelton RC, Drake BF, Mars DR. A computer‐tailored intervention to promote informed decision making for prostate cancer screening among African American men. American Journal of Men's Health 2009; Vol. 3, issue 4:340‐51. [DOI: 10.1177/1557988308325460] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Boehmer 2014 {published data only}
    1. Boehmer KR, Egginton JS, Branda ME, Kryworuchko J, Bodde A, Montori VM, et al. Missed opportunity? Caregiver participation in the clinical encounter. A videographic analysis. Patient Education and Counseling 2014;96(3):302‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.05.016] - DOI - PubMed
Boyd 2010 {published data only}
    1. Boyd CM, Reider L, Frey K, Scharfstein D, Leff B, Wolff J, et al. The effects of guided care on the perceived quality of health care for multi‐morbid older persons: 18‐month outcomesfrom a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2010;25(3):235‐42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11606-009-1192-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Brinkman 2013 {published data only}
    1. Brinkman WB, Hartl Majcher J, Poling LM, Shi G, Zender M, Sucharew H, et al. Shared decision‐making to improve attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder care. Patient Education and Counseling 2013;93(1):95‐101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.04.009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Brown 2004 {published data only}
    1. Brown RF, Butow PN, Sharrock MA, Henman M, Boyle F, Goldstein D, et al. Education and role modelling for clinical decisions with female cancer patients. Health Expectations 2004;7(4):303‐16. [CENTRAL: 00504159] - PMC - PubMed
Davison 2007 {published data only}
    1. Davison BJ, Goldenberg SL, Wiens KP, Gleave ME. Comparing a generic and individualized information decision support intervention for men newly diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. Cancer Nursing 2007;30(5):E7‐15. [DOI: 10.1097/01.NCC.0000290819.22195.d6] - DOI - PubMed
Golnik 2012 {published data only}
    1. Golnik A, Scal P, Wey A, Gaillard P. Autism‐specific primary care medical home intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2012; Vol. 42, issue 6:1087‐93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1351-5] - DOI - PubMed
Green 2011 {published data only}
    1. Green MJ, Levi BH. Teaching advance care planning to medical students with a computer‐based decision aid. Journal of Cancer Education 2011;26(1):82‐91. [PUBMED: 20632222] - PMC - PubMed
Hack 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hack TF, Pickles T, Bultz BD, Ruether JD, Degner LF. Impact of providing audiotapes of primary treatment consultations to men with prostate cancer: a multi‐site, randomized, controlled trial. Psycho‐Oncology 2007;16(6):543‐52. [PUBMED: 16991107] - PubMed
Hanson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hanson LC, Carey TS, Caprio AJ, Lee TJ, Ersek M, Garrett J, et al. Improving decision‐making for feeding options in advanced dementia: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(11): 2009‐16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03629.x.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Harmsen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Harmsen CG, Kristiansen IS, Larsen PV, Nexøe J, Støvring H, Gyrd‐Hansen D, et al. Communicating risk using absolute risk reduction or prolongation of life formats: cluster‐randomised trial in general practice. British Journal of General Practice 2014;64(621):e199‐207. [DOI: 10.3399/bjgp14X677824] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hermansen Kobulnicky 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hermansen Kobulnicky CJ. The behavioral impact of teaching patients to monitor side effects of chemotherapy: an intervention study. Madison: MI: University of Michigan, 2002.
Hoffman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann TC, Bennett S, Tomsett C, Mar C. Brief training of student clinicians in shared decision making: a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(6):844‐9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-2765-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jangland 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jangland E, Carlsson M, Lundgren E, Gunningberg L. The impact of an intervention to improve patient participation in a surgical care unit: a quasi‐experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2012 May;49(5):528‐38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.10.024] - DOI - PubMed
Koekkoek 2012 {published data only}
    1. Koekkoek B, Meijel B, Schene A, Smit A, Kaasenbrood A, Hutschemaekers G. Interpersonal Community Psychiatric Treatment for non‐psychoticchronic patients and nurses in outpatient mental health care: a controlled pilot study on feasibility and effects. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2012;49(5):549‐59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.003] - DOI - PubMed
Kopke 2009 {published data only}
    1. Köpke S, Kasper J, Mühlhauser I, Nübling M, Heesen C. Patient education program to enhance decision autonomy in multiple sclerosis relapse management: a randomized‐controlled trial. Multiple Sclerosis 2009;15(1):96‐104. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458508095921] - DOI - PubMed
Kupke 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kupke J, Wicht MJ, Stützer H, Derman SH, Lichtenstein NV, Noack MJ. Does the use of a visualised decision board by undergraduate students during shared decision‐makingenhance patients' knowledge and satisfaction? A randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Dental Education 2013;17(1):19‐25. [DOI: 10.1111/eje.12002] - DOI - PubMed
Langewitz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Langewitz WA, Eich P, Kiss A, Wössmer B. Improving communication skills a randomized controlled behaviorally oriented intervention study for residents in internal medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine 1998;60(3):268‐76. [PUBMED: 9625213] - PubMed
Leader 2012 {published data only}
    1. Leader A, Daskalakis C, Braddock CH 3rd, Kunkel EJ, Cocroft JR, Bereknyei S, et al. Measuring informed decision making about prostate cancer screening in primary care. Medical Decision Making 2012; Vol. 32, issue 2:327‐36. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989X11410064] - DOI - PubMed
LeBlanc 2017 {published data only}
    1. LeBlanc A, Egginton J, Inselman J, Dick S, Schuerman J, Branda M, et al. Dissemination and Implementation of Evidence‐Based Medicine in Primary Care Through The Use of Encounter Decision Aids: The ShareEBM Pragmatic Trial. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Oral communications. 2017.
Man‐Son‐Hing 1999 {published data only}
    1. Man‐Son‐Hing M, Laupacis A, O'Connor AM, Biggs J, Drake E, Yetisir E, et al. A patient decision aid regarding antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282(8):737‐43. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.282.8.737] - DOI - PubMed
Maslin 1998 {published data only}
    1. Maslin AM, Baum M, Walker JS, A'Hern R, Prouse A. Using an interactive video disk in breast cancer patient support. Nursing Times 1998;94(44):52‐5. [PUBMED: 9919256] - PubMed
McCormack 2011 {published data only}
    1. McCormack L, Treiman K, Bann C, Williams‐Piehota P, Driscoll D, Poehlman J, et al. Translating medical evidence to promote informed health care decisions. Health Services Research 2011; Vol. 46, issue 4:1200‐23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01248] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT01550731 {published data only}
    1. NCT01550731. Preparing older veterans with serious and cronic illness for decision making (PREPARE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01550731 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02033499 {published data only}
    1. NCT02033499. Three approaches to glucose monitoring in non‐insulin treated diabetes. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02033499 (accessed December 2016).
NCT02319525 {published data only}
    1. NCT02319525. Individualized patient decision making for treatment choices among minorities with Lupus. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02319525 (accessed 25 September 2017).
Ockhuysen‐Vermey 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ockhuysen‐Vermey CF, Henneman L, Asperen CJ, Oosterwijk JC, Menko FH, Timmermans D. Design of the BRISC study: a multicentre controlled clinical trial to optimize the communication of breast cancer risks in genetic counselling. BMC Cancer 2008;8:283. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-283] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Price‐Haywood 2014 {published data only}
    1. Price‐Haywood EG, Harden‐Barrios J, Cooper LA. Comparative effectiveness of audit‐feedback versus additional physician communication training to improve cancer screening for patients with limited health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(8):1113‐21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-2782-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Riippa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Riippa I, Linna M, Rönkkö I. The effect of a patient portal with electronic messaging on patient activation among chronically ill patients: controlled before‐and‐after study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014 Nov 19;16(11):e257. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3462.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Roelands 2004 {published data only}
    1. Roelands M, Van Oost P, Stevens V, Depoorter A, Buysse A. Clinical practice guidelines to improve shared decision‐making about assistive device use in home care: a pilot intervention study. Patient Education and Counseling 2004;55(2):252‐64. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Schwalm 2012 {published data only}
    1. Schwalm JD, Stacey D, Pericak D, Natarajan MK. Radial artery versus femoral artery access options in coronary angiogram procedures: randomized controlled trial of a patient‐decision aid. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2012; Vol. 5, issue 3:260‐6. [DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES] - DOI - PubMed
Simon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Simon D, Kriston L, von Wolff A, Buchholz A, Vietor C, Hecke T, et al. Effectiveness of a web‐based, individually tailored decision aid for depression or acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;87(3):360‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.10.009] - DOI - PubMed
Smith 2010a {published data only}
    1. Smith SK, Trevena L, Simpson JM, Barratt A, Nutbeam D, McCaffery KJ. A decision aid to support informed choices about bowel cancer screening among adults with low education: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010; Vol. 341:c5370. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c5370] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Spertus 2011 {unpublished data only}
    1. Spertus J. Testing evidence‐based, individualized informed consent forms to improve patients' experiences with percutaneous coronary intervention. Late‐Breaking Clinical Trial and Clinical Science: Special Reports Abstracts from the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2011.
van Tol‐Geerdink 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tol‐Geerdink JJ, Leer JW, van Lin EN, Schimmel EC, Huizenga H, van Daal WA, et al. Offering a treatment choice in the irradiation of prostate cancer leads to better informed and more active patients, without harm to well‐being. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2008;70(2):442‐8. [PUBMED: 17765404] - PubMed
Wagner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wagner PJ, Dias J, Howard S, Kintziger KW, Hudson MF, Seol YH, et al. Personal health records and hypertension control:a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2012;19(4):626‐34. [DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000349] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Whelan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Whelan T, Sawka C, Levine M, Gafni A, Reyno L, Willan A, et al. Helping patients make informed choices: a randomized trial of a decision aid for adjuvant chemotherapy in lymph node‐negative breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2003;95(8):581‐7. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/95.8.581] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Simmons 2017 {published data only}
    1. Simmons M. ‘If I could see on a piece of paper options for treatment that would just be insane’: Shared decision making in mental health. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Posters Sessions. 2017.
van Veenendaal 2017 {published data only}
    1. Veenendaal H, Voogdt‐Pruis H, Schuurman M, Visserman E, Oskam J, Ubbink D, et al. Implementing shared decision‐making (SDM) and time‐out for breast cancer patients in six Dutch Hospitals. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Posters Sessions. 2017.

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12614000593639 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000593639. Improving the engagement of patients suffering from wisdom tooth problems in shared clinical decision making using different formats of health information toward achieving better healthcare outcomes. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (accessed 25 September 2017).
ACTRN12616000213448 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000213448. Development and evaluation of an Australian adult health literacy program for socially disadvantaged adults attending TAFE. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (accessed 25 September 2017).
ACTRN12616000644460 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000644460. Evaluating decision aids for acute respiratory infections on the use of antibiotics in general practice. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (accessed 25 September 2017).
ACTRN12617000614392 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000614392. Whakapai e Te Ara Ha: Asthma self‐management programme for the whanau of tamariki Maori with asthma. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (accessed 25 September 2017).
ACTRN12617000840381 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000840381. Enhancing decision‐making about treatment in bipolar II disorder: evaluation of a treatment decision‐aid for patients and their family. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (accessed 25 September 2017).
Adekpedjou ongoing {published data only}
    1. Adekpedjou R, Stacey D, Brière N, Freitas A, Garvelink M, Turcotte S, et al. Improving the decision‐making process with caregivers of elderly people about housing options: a cluster randomised trial. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Oral communications. 2017.
Altshuler 2016 {published data only}
    1. Altshuler L, Plaksin J, Zabar S, Wallach A, Sawicki C, Kundrod S, et al. Transforming the patient role to achieve better outcomes through a patient empowerment program: a randomized wait‐list control trial protocol. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(2):e68. - PMC - PubMed
DRKS00000191 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00000191. Umsetzung des Modells der Partizipativen Entscheidungsfindung in der hausärztlichen Praxis am Beispiel der Patientenverfügung‐Patientenverfügung im Partizipativen Prozess (PPP). http://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIA... (accessed 25 September 2017).
DRKS00010880 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00010880. Shared Decision Making PLUS – eine Cluster‐randomisierte Studie mit stationär behandelten Patienten mit Schizophrenie. http://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIA... (accessed 25 September 2017).
Dwinger ongoing {published data only}
    1. Dwinger S, Gschwendtner K, Müller N, Bieber C, Härter M, Bergelt C. Development and pilot testing of a face‐to‐face SDM coaching intervention for oncologists. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Oral communications. 2017.
Fagerlin ongoing {published data only}
    1. Fagerlin A, Holmes‐Rovner M, Scherer LD, Kahn VC, Ubel PA. The impact of shared decision making on patient involvement in two prostate cancer decision aid trials. ISDM2015. Sydney, Australia: Joint International Shared Decision‐Making and International Society for Evidence‐Based Health Care Conference. 2015.
Finderup 2017 {published data only}
    1. Finderup J, Dam Jensen JK, Lomborg K. Developing and pilot testing a shared decision‐making intervention for dialysis choice. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Oral communications. 2017.
Henselmans ongoing {published data only}
    1. Henselmans H, Laarhoven HWM, Haes HCJM, Tokat M, Engelhardt EG, Maarschalkerweerd P, et al. Effect of a Skills Training for oncologists on shared decision making about palliative chemotherapy in simulated encounters. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Posters Sessions. 2017.
ISRCTN37929939 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN37929939. Nurse‐led immunotherapy decision coaching in persons with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (DECIMS). http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN37929939 (accessed 25 September 2017). - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN46305518 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN46305518. Informed shared decision making supported by decision coaches for women with ductal carcinoma in situ. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN46305518 (accessed 25 September 2017). - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN63110516 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN63110516. ACTION: cancer patient involvement in medical decision making. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN63110516 (accessed 25 September 2017).
Lifford ongoing {published data only}
    1. Lifford K, Burton M, Armitage F, Collins K, Reed M, Wyld L, et al. Bridging the Age Gap trial of decision support interventions for older women with breast cancer: Preliminary process evaluation. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Posters Sessions. 2017.
Ludden ongoing {published data only}
    1. Ludden T, Taylor Y, Kuhn L, McWilliams A, Dulin M, Tapp H. “Who Made the Decision Today?” Surveying asthma patients level of shared decision making in an RCT. ISDM2015. Sydney, Australia: Joint International Shared Decision‐Making and International Society for Evidence‐Based Health Care Conference. 2015.
NCT01485627 {published data only}
    1. NCT01485627. VOICE: Values and Options in Cancer Care (VOICE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01485627 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT01519999 {published data only}
    1. NCT01519999. Colorectal cancer screening with iImproved shared decision making. https://clinicaltrialbase.com/study/NCT01519999 (accessed 19 December 2016).
NCT01828567 {published data only}
    1. NCT01828567. Will veterans engage in prevention after HRA‐guided shared decision making? (ACTIVATE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01828567 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT01837953 {published data only}
    1. NCT01837953. Stepped care for binge eating disorder: predicting response to minimal intervention in a randomized controlled trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01837953 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT01838226 {published data only}
    1. NCT01838226. Randomized controlled trial of group prevention coaching. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01838226 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT01866228 {published data only}
    1. NCT01866228. Clinical trial of the impact of treatment consultation recordings on cancer patient outcomes. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01866228 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT01992926 {published data only}
    1. NCT01992926. Facilitating anemia treatment risk communication for patients with kidney disease: decision aid trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01992926 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02047929 {published data only}
    1. NCT02047929. Comparing types of implementation of a shared decision making intervention (ADAPT‐NC). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02047929 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02063087 {published data only}
    1. NCT02063087. Shared decision making in parents of children with head trauma: Head CT Choice (Head CT Choice). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02063087 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02136732 {published data only}
    1. NCT02136732. Chronic care management for adults at FQHCs. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02136732 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02138448 {published data only}
    1. NCT02138448. Implementing personal health records to promote evidence‐based cancer screening. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02138448 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02146573 {published data only}
    1. NCT02146573. Pediatric Continuity Care Intensivist (CCI). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02146573 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02165735 {published data only}
    1. NCT02165735. Get Ready And Empowered About Treatment (GREAT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02165735 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02198690 {published data only}
    1. NCT02198690. Trial of a mammography decision aid for women aged 75 and older. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02198690 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02278900 {published data only}
    1. NCT02278900. Supporting doctor‐patient communication in oncology. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02278900 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02282722 {published data only}
    1. NCT02282722. Improving informed consent for palliative chemotherapy. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02282722 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02285881 {published data only}
    1. NCT02285881. Shared decision making between patients and GPs in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes in primary care. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02285881 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02328326 {published data only}
    1. NCT02328326. Caring Others Increasing EngageMent in PACT (CO‐IMPACT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02328326 (accessed 16 December 2016).
NCT02344576 {published data only}
    1. NCT02344576.. PCORI‐1310‐06998 Trial of a decision support intervention for Patients and Caregivers Offered Destination Therapy Heart Assist Device (DECIDE‐LVAD) (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02379078 {published data only}
    1. NCT02379078. Impact of an interprofessional shared decision‐making and goal‐setting decision aid for patients with diabetes (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02429115 {published data only}
    1. NCT02429115. Peer‐mentoring, quality of life and caregiver burden in patients with chronic kidney disease and their caregivers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02429115 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02507349 {published data only}
    1. NCT02507349. Person‐centered versus measurement‐based care in mental health (PCORI‐SDM). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02507349 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02592525 {published data only}
    1. NCT02592525. Implementing shared decision making in interprofessional home care teams (IPSDM‐SW). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02592525 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02611050 {published data only}
    1. NCT02611050. Treatment decisions for multi‐vessel CAD. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02611050 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02623335 {published data only}
    1. NCT02623335. PCORI‐1502‐27462 Navigating high risk surgery: empowering older adults to ask questions that inform decisions about surgical treatment. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02623335 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02631200 {published data only}
    1. NCT02631200. Advance Care Planning with older patients who have End‐stage Kidney Disease (ACREDiT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02631200 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02646423 {published data only}
    1. NCT02646423. Effect of a Patient‐Centered Decision App on TOLAC (PROCEED). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02646423 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02653170 {published data only}
    1. NCT02653170. Michigan Stroke Transitions Trial (MISTT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02653170 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02663245 {published data only}
    1. NCT02663245. INTEGRA Study: Primary care intervention in Type 2 diabetes patients with poor glycaemic control. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02663245 (accessed 25 September 2017). - PMC - PubMed
NCT02668900 {published data only}
    1. NCT02668900. Decision support for adults facing implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator pulse generator replacement. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02668900 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02674360 {published data only}
    1. NCT02674360. RCT regarding SDM online training and face‐to‐face SDM training. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02674360 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02686775 {published data only}
    1. NCT02686775. The PACO Project: a clinical study of a PAtient COach program in vulnerable lung cancer patients (PACO). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02686775 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02721810 {published data only}
    1. NCT02721810. Patient Engagement Initiative (PEI). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02721810 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02759939 {published data only}
    1. NCT02759939. Right For Me: birth control decisions made easier. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02759939 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02823262 {published data only}
    1. NCT02823262. A breast cancer treatment decision aid for women aged 70 and older. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02823262 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02842047 {published data only}
    1. NCT02842047. The mediating effects of decentering on self‐management of stress and end of life planning. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02842047 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02866799 {published data only}
    1. NCT02866799. Multi‐PAP RCT: improving prescription in primary care patients with Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy (Multi‐PAP). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02866799 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02868983 {published data only}
    1. NCT02868983. Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care for comorbid behavioral and medical problems (IBHPC). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02868983 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02890615 {published data only}
    1. NCT02890615. CanDirect: effectiveness of a telephone‐supported Depression Self‐care Intervention for Cancer Survivors (CanDirect). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02890615 (accessed 25 September 2017). - PubMed
NCT02905032 {published data only}
    1. NCT02905032. SDM for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SDM4Afib). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02905032 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02917603 {published data only}
    1. NCT02917603. Shared decision making to improve palliative care in the nursing home. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02917603 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02920086 {published data only}
    1. NCT02920086. Improving Partnerships with family members of ICU patients (IMPACT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02920086 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02935920 {published data only}
    1. NCT02935920. A study on optimizing follow‐up for postmenopausal women with breast cancer treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02935920 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02971163 {published data only}
    1. NCT02971163. Syncope Decision Aid for emergency care (SynDA). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02971163 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02987608 {published data only}
    1. NCT02987608. A feasibility trial of power up. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02987608 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT02988661 {published data only}
    1. NCT02988661. Women Empowered to Live with Lupus study (WELL). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02988661 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03012087 {published data only}
    1. NCT03012087. Using m‐Health tools to reduce the misuse of opioid pain relievers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03012087 (accessed 25 September 2017). - PubMed
NCT03037112 {published data only}
    1. NCT03037112. Resetting the default: improving provider‐patient communication to reduce antibiotic misuse. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03037112 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03084159 {published data only}
    1. NCT03084159. Multi‐disciplinary participatory design of a process to deliver a CKD diagnosis in primary care. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03084159 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03109145 {published data only}
    1. NCT03109145. MyHealtheVet to enable shared decision making regarding menopausal in postmenopausal women veterans (MEANS). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03109145 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03134092 {published data only}
    1. NCT03134092. The Life STORRIED Study. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03134092 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03136367 {published data only}
    1. NCT03136367. What matters most: choosing the right breast cancer surgery for you. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03136367.
NCT03216109 {published data only}
    1. NCT03216109. Improving supportive care for patients with thoracic malignancies. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03216109 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03221556 {published data only}
    1. NCT03221556. Improving outcomes for low‐income mothers with depression. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03221556 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03228615 {published data only}
    1. NCT03228615. IBD shared decision making intervention. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03228615 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NCT03234322 {published data only}
    1. NCT03234322. The impact of a diabetes risk prediction model in primary care. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03234322 (accessed 25 September 2017).
NTR4554 {published data only}
    1. NTR4554. Prostate Cancer Patient‐centered Care (PCPCC): impact of a treatment decision aid in a pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=4554 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR4879 {published data only}
    1. NTR4879. Implementation of shared decision making in a clinical setting; how to make it fit in the daily workflow?. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=4879 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR5177 {published data only}
    1. NTR5177. (Cost‐)effectiveness and implementation of a decision aid for patients with localized prostate cancer and their partners: study protocol of a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5177 (accessed 26 September 2017). - PMC - PubMed
NTR5262 {published data only}
    1. NTR5262. Shared decision making in mental health with Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) as an information source. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5262 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR5489 {published data only}
    1. NTR5489. CHOICE: CHOosing treatment together In Cancer at the End of life. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5489.
NTR5677 {published data only}
    1. NTR5677. Empowerment in mental health care using e‐health in a redesigned intake process: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Study protocol. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5677 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR6106 {published data only}
    1. NTR6106. A decision aid for the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: a prospective cohort study to investigate the effect. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=6106 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR6227 {published data only}
    1. NTR6227. Secondary manifestations of arterial disease ‐ influence of cardiovascular prognosis and treatment effect predictions on patient and physician decision‐making: a three‐armed, blinded, randomized controlled trial. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=6227 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR6379 {published data only}
    1. NTR6379. Shared decision making in patients with Castration‐Resistant Prostate Cancer ‐ The impact of implementation of a treatment decision aid in CRPC patients. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=6379 (accessed 26 September 2017).
NTR6487 {published data only}
    1. NTR6487. A multicentre stepped‐wedge cluster‐randomised trial studying the level of shared decision‐making during vascular surgical consultation before and after the introduction of decision support tools. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=6487 (accessed 26 September 2017).
Simmons ongoing {published data only}
    1. Simmons L, Meyer C, Marques F, Leavitt L, Sepucha K. Skills training for shared decision making: a randomized pilot study. ISDM2017. Lyon, France: 9th International Shared Decision Making Conference. Book of Abstract, Oral communications. 2017.
Steele Gray 2016 {published data only}
    1. Steele Gray C, Wodchis W P, Upshur R, Cott C, McKinstry B, Mercer S, et al. Supporting goal‐oriented primary health care for seniors with complex care needs using mobile technology: evaluation and implementation of the health system performance research network, bridgepoint electronic patient reported outcome tool. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(2):e126. - PMC - PubMed
Thompson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Thompson W, Farrell B, Welch V, Tugwell P, Bjerre L M. Should I continue taking my acid reflux medication? Design of a pilot before/after study evaluating a patient decision aid. Canadian Pharmacists Journal (Ott) 2017;150(1):19‐23. - PMC - PubMed
UMIN000009239 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000009239. Comparison of Shared Decision Making (SDM) and routine care for University students in psychiatric outpatient clinic. A randomized controlled trial. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R00001... (accessed 25 September 2017).
UMIN000022832 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000022832. A shared decision making communication training program for clinicians treating: a pilot clustered randomised controlled trial. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R00002... (accessed 25 September 2017).

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