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Review
. 2018 Jul;6(4):10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0031-2017.
doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0031-2017.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria Species

Laura Luque-Sastre  1 , Cristina Arroyo  2 , Edward M Fox  3 , Barry J McMahon  2 , Li Bai  4 , Fengqin Li  4 , Séamus Fanning  1
Affiliations
Review

Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria Species

Laura Luque-Sastre et al. Microbiol Spectr. 2018 Jul.

Abstract

For nearly a century the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has benefited human and animal health. In recent years there has been an increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, in part attributed to the overuse of compounds in clinical and farming settings. The genus Listeria currently comprises 17 recognized species found throughout the environment. Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis in humans and many vertebrate species, including birds, whereas Listeria ivanovii causes infections mainly in ruminants. L. monocytogenes is the third-most-common cause of death from food poisoning in humans, and infection occurs in at-risk groups, including pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Listeria species maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA genes from all Listeria species. Values on branches represent bootstrap values based on 500 bootstrap replicates; bootstrap values >80% are not displayed. Listeria species are color coded according the new genera classification proposed by Orsi et al. (1).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Transmission dynamics of listeriosis involving human and animal hosts. Potential transmission pathways of Listeria species are indicated by arrows, and vehicles are represented by colored boxes.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
L. monocytogenes intracellular life cycle. (a) Listeria invades the host cells via a zipper mechanism, by the interaction of surface internalins InlA and InlB with the host cell surface receptors E-cadherin and Met, respectively. (b) Listeria escapes from the phagosome before the fusion with the lysosome occurs, by the action of the secreted proteins, the pore-forming toxin LLO, and phosphatidylinositide phospholipase C (PI-PLC). (c) Listeria may replicate in the cytosol, and (d) it spreads by actin polymerization, which propels the bacteria unidirectionally, (e) promoting cell-to-cell spreading of Listeria. (f) Rupture of the two-membrane vacuole is mainly mediated by the action of LLO and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Heavy metal resistance operons in the L. monocytogenes strain ScottA. (A) Arsenic resistance operon. (B) cadAC cadmium resistance operon.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Diagrammatic representation of the four families of efflux pumps in L. monocytogenes. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the multidrug and toxic-compound extrusion (MATE) family, and the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family. Common examples of the individual proteins that form each class of efflux pump are shown.
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References

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