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Review
. 2019 Jan;1866(1):90-101.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.016. Epub 2018 Jul 20.

Protein phosphatases in chromatin structure and function

Raquel Sales Gil  1 , Paola Vagnarelli  2
Affiliations
Review

Protein phosphatases in chromatin structure and function

Raquel Sales Gil et al. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2019 Jan.

Abstract

Chromatin structure and dynamics are highly controlled and regulated processes that play an essential role in many aspects of cell biology. The chromatin transition stages and the factors that control this process are regulated by post-translation modifications, including phosphorylation. While the role of protein kinases in chromatin dynamics has been quite well studied, the nature and regulation of the counteracting phosphatases represent an emerging field but are still at their infancy. In this review we summarize the current literature on phosphatases involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and dynamics, with emphases on the major knowledge gaps that should require attention and more investigation.

Keywords: Chromatin remodelling; Epigenetics; Histone phosphorylation; Phosphatases; Transcription regulation.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overexpression of GFP:Repo-manTA3 (GFP-RMTA3), a hyperactive form of Repo-man, causes dephosphorylation of CENP-A Ser7ph in early mitosis (compare panels 4 with 9). DT40 cells were transfected with GFP-RMTA3 then fixed and stained for CENP-A phSer7 (A). The intensity of CENP-A phSer7 at each centromere was measured and quantified (B). Scale bars: 15 μm. Experiment conducted by Thomas William Monteiro Crozier.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Histone phosphorylation regulation model. The image shows the main phosphorylated residues of histones during different stages of the cell cycle, with the responsible kinases and phosphatases involved. Residues in red indicate phosphorylation during mitosis; in green during DNA transcription; in blue during DNA damage; and in light purple during Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC). Histone H2AX is coloured in light green (A), H2A in dark green (B), H2B in purple, H3 in blue, H4 in pink, and CENP-A in light blue (C). Phosphatases involved are highlighted in orange. RM: Repo-man: PP1, PP2A, PP5, PP6: Protein phosphatase 1, 2A, 5, 6, respectively. ATM: ataxia-telangiectasia mutated; ATR: ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein; VRK: Vaccinia-related protein kinases; JAK: Janus kinase; PKC: Protein kinase C; Dlk: death-associated protein (DAP)-like kinase; PRK: Phosphoribulokinase: CKII; Casein Kinase II.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Phosphatases involved in transcription factor regulation. The graph shows the known phosphorylation sites of the main TF and the corresponded protein kinases (in black) and phosphatases (in red), indicating the type of genes that they regulate. See text for more details.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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