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Review
. 2018 Jul 24;19(8):2164.
doi: 10.3390/ijms19082164.

General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation

Mun Fei Yam  1   2 , Yean Chun Loh  3 , Chu Shan Tan  4 , Siti Khadijah Adam  5 , Nizar Abdul Manan  6 , Rusliza Basir  7
Affiliations
Review

General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation

Mun Fei Yam et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Pain has been considered as a concept of sensation that we feel as a reaction to the stimulus of our surrounding, putting us in harm's way and acting as a form of defense mechanism that our body has permanently installed into its system. However, pain leads to a huge chunk of finances within the healthcare system with continuous rehabilitation of patients with adverse pain sensations, which might reduce not only their quality of life but also their productivity at work setting back the pace of our economy. It may not look like a huge deal but factor in pain as an issue for majority of us, it becomes an economical burden. Although pain has been researched into and understood by numerous researches, from its definition, mechanism of action to its inhibition in hopes of finding an absolute solution for victims of pain, the pathways of pain sensation, neurotransmitters involved in producing such a sensation are not comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review article aims to put in place a thorough understanding of major pain conditions that we experience-nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems. Moreover, the complete mechanism of conduction is compiled within this article, elucidating understandings from various researches and breakthroughs.

Keywords: inflammatory; neurons; neuropathic; neurotransmitters; nociceptive; pain sensitization; pain transmission; presynaptic and postsynaptic; synaptic transmission.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The basic route of pain transmission upon noxious stimuli in ascending and descending order, and the illustration of synaptic transmission in synaptic cleft.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The action potential in neurons.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The signaling mechanism pathways of pain-associated neurotransmitters and their cognate receptors involved in pre- and post-synaptic locations for pain transmission. formula image: Activate/Enhance production; formula image: Inhibit/Reduce production; formula image: Generate/Lead to.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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