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Review
. 2018 Jun 26;4(6):FSO312.
doi: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0003. eCollection 2018 Jul.

Typhoid fever: issues in laboratory detection, treatment options & concerns in management in developing countries

Balaji Veeraraghavan  1   1 , Agila K Pragasam  1   1 , Yamuna D Bakthavatchalam  1   1 , Ravikar Ralph  2   2
Affiliations
Review

Typhoid fever: issues in laboratory detection, treatment options & concerns in management in developing countries

Balaji Veeraraghavan et al. Future Sci OA. .

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole), was significantly reduced with the increased usage of fluoroquinolones and azithromycin. This has led to declining multidrug resistance rates in India with increasing ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility rates and clinical failures due to azithromycin. However, for the available agents such as ceftriaxone, azithromycin and fluoroquinolones, the dose and duration for treatment is undefined. The ongoing clinical trials for typhoid management are expected to recommend the defined dose and duration for better clinical outcome. We made an attempt to summarize the issues in laboratory detection, treatment options and responses, and the concerns in clinical practice seen in the developing countries.

Keywords: Salmonella Typhi; azithromycin; cefixime; ceftriaxone.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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