Trans-infundibular choledochoscopy: a method for accessing the common bile duct in complex cases

Abstract

Purpose: During laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) where Calot's triangle cannot be safely dissected due to a 'frozen' hepatic hilum secondary to severe inflammation or fibrosis, the preferred transcystic approach to the common bile duct (CBD) is precluded. The aim of this paper is to describe a safe method of accessing the CBD via a trans-infundibular approach (TIA) in complex cases where conventional access to the cystic duct or CBD is denied.

Methods: A retrospective review of 154 consecutive patients who underwent LCBDE at a single centre between 2014 and 2018 was performed. Outcomes of this study were successful access to the CBD to achieve choledochoscopy, successful stone clearance (when required), conversion to open surgery, total or subtotal cholecystectomy, post-operative complications, and length of hospital stay.

Results: Nine (5.8%) patients underwent access to the CBD via TIA choledochoscopy. TIA-LCBDE resulted in a stone extraction rate of 86% with one patient requiring choledochotomy. There were zero conversions to open surgery, and total/near total cholecystectomy was achieved in all patients. One patient suffered a post-operative complication for bilateral atelectasis and lower respiratory tract infection. Median length of hospital stay was 3 days.

Conclusions: The use of a trans-infundibular approach to the CBD is indicated when the hepatic hilum is 'frozen' with severe inflammation and/or fibrosis precluding safe dissection of the critical structures within Calot's triangle. This strategy enables exploration of the CBD via the transcystic route without the need for critical view dissection or choledochotomy.

Keywords: Choledocholithiasis; Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration; Trans-infundibular approach; Transcystic choledochoscopy.