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. 2018 Jul 30;18(8):2472.
doi: 10.3390/s18082472.

Multiple Instances QoS Routing in RPL: Application to Smart Grids

Jad Nassar  1   2 , Matthieu Berthomé  3 , Jérémy Dubrulle  4 , Nicolas Gouvy  5 , Nathalie Mitton  6 , Bruno Quoitin  7
Affiliations

Multiple Instances QoS Routing in RPL: Application to Smart Grids

Jad Nassar et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The Smart Grid (SG) aims to transform the current electric grid into a "smarter" network where the integration of renewable energy resources, energy efficiency and fault tolerance are the main benefits. This is done by interconnecting every energy source, storage point or central control point with connected devices, where heterogeneous SG applications and signalling messages will have different requirements in terms of reliability, latency and priority. Hence, data routing and prioritization are the main challenges in such networks. So far, RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy networks) protocol is widely used on Smart Grids for distributing commands over the grid. RPL assures traffic differentiation at the network layer in wireless sensor networks through the logical subdivision of the network in multiple instances, each one relying on a specific Objective Function. However, RPL is not optimized for Smart Grids, as its main objective functions and their associated metric does not allow Quality of Service differentiation. To overcome this, we propose OFQS an objective function with a multi-objective metric that considers the delay and the remaining energy in the battery nodes alongside with the dynamic quality of the communication links. Our function automatically adapts to the number of instances (traffic classes) providing a Quality of Service differentiation based on the different Smart Grid applications requirements. We tested our approach on a real sensor testbed. The experimental results show that our proposal provides a lower packet delivery latency and a higher packet delivery ratio while extending the lifetime of the network compared to solutions in the literature.

Keywords: QoS; RPL; Smart Grid; WSN; metric; objective function; routing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Smart Grid Communication Network [13].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Smart Grid metering data collection.
Figure 3
Figure 3
mOFQS variation with α.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Network with different ETX, delay d (in ms) and PS values.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Topology of the deployment on FIT IoT-LAB Lille’s site (https://www.iot-lab.info/lilles-new-physical-topology-released/).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Hardware of an IoT-LAB node [36].
Figure 7
Figure 7
End-to-End delay variation with time.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Network lifetime variation.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Remaining energy distribution among the nodes after 30 min.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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