Insights about the Absence of Rb Cation from the 3D Perovskite Lattice: Effect on the Structural, Morphological, and Photophysical Properties and Photovoltaic Performance

Abstract

Efficiencies >20% are obtained from the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employing Cs⁺ and Rb⁺ based perovskite compositions; therefore, it is important to understand the effect of these inorganic cations specifically Rb⁺ on the properties of perovskite structures. Here the influence of Cs⁺ and Rb⁺ is elucidated on the structural, morphological, and photophysical properties of perovskite structures and the photovoltaic performances of resulting PSCs. Structural, photoluminescence (PL), and external quantum efficiency studies establish the incorporation of Cs⁺ (x < 10%) but amply rule out the possibility of Rb-incorporation into the MAPbI₃ (MA = CH₃ NH₃⁺ ) lattice. Moreover, morphological studies and time-resolved PL show that both Cs⁺ and Rb⁺ detrimentally affect the surface coverage of MAPbI₃ layers and charge-carrier dynamics, respectively, by influencing nucleation density and by inducing nonradiative recombination. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry shows that the transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal phase occurring around 160 K requires more thermal energy for the Cs-containing MAPbI₃ systems compared to the pristine MAPbI₃ . Investigation including mixed halide (I/Br) and mixed cation A-cation based compositions further confirms the absence of Rb⁺ from the 3D-perovskite lattice. The fundamental insights gained through this work will be of great significance to further understand highly promising perovskite compositions.

Keywords: X-ray diffraction; cation miscibility; cesium cation; perovskite solar cells; rubidium cation.