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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Sep;20(9):1220-1229.
doi: 10.1111/jch.13353. Epub 2018 Aug 12.

Percentage of ingested sodium excreted in 24-hour urine collections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aaron M Lucko  1 , Chelsea Doktorchik  2 , Mark Woodward  3   4 , Mary Cogswell  5 , Bruce Neal  4 , Doreen Rabi  6 , Cheryl Anderson  7 , Feng J He  8 , Graham A MacGregor  8 , Mary L'Abbe  9 , JoAnne Arcand  10 , Paul K Whelton  11 , Rachael McLean  12 , Norm R C Campbell  13 ; TRUE Consortium
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Percentage of ingested sodium excreted in 24-hour urine collections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aaron M Lucko et al. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018 Sep.
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

FJH is a member of Consensus Action on Salt & Health (CASH) and World Action on Salt & Health (WASH). Both CASH and WASH are nonprofit charitable organizations and FJH does not receive any financial support from CASH or WASH. GAM is chairman of Blood Pressure UK (BPUK), chairman of CASH, WASH, and Action on Sugar (AoS). BPUK, CASH, WASH, and AoS are nonprofit charitable organizations. GAM does not receive any financial support from any of these organizations. NRCC was a paid consultant to the Novartis Foundation to support their program to improve hypertension control in cities of low to middle income countries, which includes travel support for site visits and a contract to develop a survey (2016‐2017). NRCC has provided paid consultative advice on accurate blood pressure assessment to Midway Corporation (2017) and is an unpaid member of World Action on Salt and Health (WASH). MW is a consultant to Amgen. RM has no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of literature search process and results
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot for pooled percentage of dietary sodium excretion in each study
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot detailing the percentage of excretion by each subgroup category. P values represent the test statistic for differences between each variable and sodium excretion. Potassium intake and duration of steady state were metaregressed as continuous variables, the rest were categorical. Low potassium intake was defined as < 77.6 mmol/d and high potassium as > 77.6 mmol/d. Controlled environments included studies where the participants were in a research facility (eg, hospital ward) and uncontrolled studies were those where the participants were “free living.” The sodium intake metaregression was compared to high intake. Sodium intakes were categorized and included the following ranges: normal‐physiologic (100‐< 1000 mg sodium/d), recommended (1000 to < 2000 mg sodium/d), high (≥ 2000‐4000 mg sodium/d), very high (> 4000‐6000 mg sodium/d), and extremely high (> 6000 mg sodium/d). The low‐to‐high direction indicates sodium intake had been increased before the assessment of excretion whereas no direction indicates there had been no change in sodium intake before the assessment. Steady state refers to the duration of a constant sodium diet before assessment of excretion. Studies were considered to have more rigor if dietary intake was assessed with a known unbiased reference measure (denominator) and the 24‐h urine collections were high quality
Figure 4
Figure 4
Metaregression plot of the percentage of sodium excreted to length of steady state in those with low sodium intake
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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