Contemporary Management and Outcomes of Patients with Massive and Submassive Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract

Background: Few contemporary studies have assessed the management and outcomes of patients with massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. Given advances in therapy, we report contemporary practice patterns and event rates among these patients.

Methods: We analyzed a prospective database of patients with massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. We report clinical characteristics, therapies, and outcomes stratified by pulmonary embolism type. Treatment escalation beyond systemic anticoagulation was defined as advanced therapy. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify predictors of 90-day mortality.

Results: Among 338 patients, 46 (13.6%) presented with massive and 292 (86.4%) with submassive pulmonary embolism. The average age was 63 ± 15 years, 49.9% were female, 32.0% had malignancy, and 21.9% had recent surgery. Massive pulmonary embolism patients received advanced therapy in 71.7% (30.4% systemic thrombolysis, 17.4% catheter-directed thrombolysis, 15.2% surgical embolectomy) and had greater 90-day mortality rates compared with submassive pulmonary embolism patients (41.3% vs 12.3%, respectively; P < .01). Most massive pulmonary embolism deaths (78.9%) occurred in-hospital, whereas mortality risk persisted after discharge for submassive pulmonary embolism. After multivariable adjustment, massive pulmonary embolism was associated with a 5.23-fold greater hazard of mortality (95% confidence interval, 2.70-10.13; P < .01). Advanced therapies among all pulmonary embolism patients were associated with a 61% reduction in mortality (95% confidence interval, 0.20-0.76; P < .01).

Conclusions: Among contemporary massive and submassive pulmonary embolism patients, mortality remains substantial. Advanced therapies were frequently utilized and independently associated with lower mortality. Further investigation is needed to determine how to improve outcomes among these high-risk patients, including the optimal use of advanced therapies.

Keywords: Bleeding; Massive; Mortality; Outcomes; Pulmonary embolism; Readmission; Submassive.