. 2018 Aug 10;8(8):610.

doi: 10.3390/nano8080610.

Effects of Carbon Source on TiC Particles' Distribution, Tensile, and Abrasive Wear Properties of In Situ TiC/Al-Cu Nanocomposites Prepared in the Al-Ti-C System

Yu-Yang Gao^{1

2}, Feng Qiu^{3

4

5}, Tian-Shu Liu^{6

7}, Jian-Ge Chu^{8

9}, Qing-Long Zhao^{10

11}, Qi-Chuan Jiang^{12

13}

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. gaoyy16@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
² Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. gaoyy16@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
³ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. qiufeng@jlu.edu.cn.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. qiufeng@jlu.edu.cn.
⁵ Qingdao Automotive Research Institute of Jilin University, No. 1, Loushan Road, Qingdao 266000, China. qiufeng@jlu.edu.cn.
⁶ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. liuts9915@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
⁷ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. liuts9915@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
⁸ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. chujg14@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
⁹ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. chujg14@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
¹⁰ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. zhaoqinglong@jlu.edu.cn.
¹¹ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. zhaoqinglong@jlu.edu.cn.
¹² State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. jqc@jlu.edu.cn.
¹³ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. jqc@jlu.edu.cn.

PMID: 30103408
PMCID: PMC6116243
DOI: 10.3390/nano8080610

Effects of Carbon Source on TiC Particles' Distribution, Tensile, and Abrasive Wear Properties of In Situ TiC/Al-Cu Nanocomposites Prepared in the Al-Ti-C System

Yu-Yang Gao et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2018.

. 2018 Aug 10;8(8):610.

doi: 10.3390/nano8080610.

Authors

Yu-Yang Gao^{1

2}, Feng Qiu^{3

4

5}, Tian-Shu Liu^{6

7}, Jian-Ge Chu^{8

9}, Qing-Long Zhao^{10

11}, Qi-Chuan Jiang^{12

13}

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. gaoyy16@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
² Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. gaoyy16@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
³ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. qiufeng@jlu.edu.cn.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. qiufeng@jlu.edu.cn.
⁵ Qingdao Automotive Research Institute of Jilin University, No. 1, Loushan Road, Qingdao 266000, China. qiufeng@jlu.edu.cn.
⁶ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. liuts9915@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
⁷ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. liuts9915@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
⁸ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. chujg14@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
⁹ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. chujg14@mails.jlu.edu.cn.
¹⁰ State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. zhaoqinglong@jlu.edu.cn.
¹¹ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. zhaoqinglong@jlu.edu.cn.
¹² State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. jqc@jlu.edu.cn.
¹³ Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China. jqc@jlu.edu.cn.

PMID: 30103408
PMCID: PMC6116243
DOI: 10.3390/nano8080610

Abstract

The in situ TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites were fabricated in the Al-Ti-C reaction systems with various carbon sources by the combined method of combustion synthesis, hot pressing, and hot extrusion. The carbon sources used in this paper were the pure C black, hybrid carbon source (50 wt.% C black + 50 wt.% CNTs) and pure CNTs. The average sizes of nano-TiC particles range from 67 nm to 239 nm. The TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by the hybrid carbon source showed more homogenously distributed nano-TiC particles, higher tensile strength and hardness, and better abrasive wear resistance than those of the nanocomposites fabricated by pure C black and pure CNTs. As the nano-TiC particles content increased, the tensile strength, hardness, and the abrasive wear resistance of the nanocomposites increased. The 30 vol.% TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposite fabricated by the hybrid carbon source showed the highest yield strength (531 MPa), tensile strength (656 MPa), hardness (331.2 HV), and the best abrasive wear resistance.

Keywords: Al matrix nanocomposites; abrasive wear behaviors; in situ nano-TiC; tensile properties.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Figures

**Figure 1**
The process schematic diagrams for preparation the in situ TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites, (a) ball milling process of the raw powders, (b) cold pressing into the cylindrical compacts, (c) fabrication the TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites by combustion synthesis and hot pressing, (d) hot extrusion, (e) T6 heat treatment, and (f) TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites.

**Figure 2**
The XRD patterns of the synthesized TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon sources of (a) pure C black, (b) hybrid C/CNTs, and (c) pure CNTs.

**Figure 3**
SEM micrographs of the extruded TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon sources of pure C black, hybrid C/CNTs, and pure CNTs. (a) nanocomposite 10B, (b) nanocomposite 10H, (c) nanocomposite 10C, (d) nanocomposite 20B, (e) nanocomposite 20H, (f) nanocomposite 20C, (g) nanocomposite 30B, (h) nanocomposite 30H and (i) nanocomposite 30C.

**Figure 4**
FESEM images of extracted nano-TiC particles from TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon sources of pure C black, hybrid C/CNTs, and pure CNTs. (a) nanocomposite 10B, (b) nanocomposite 10H, (c) nanocomposite 10C, (d) nanocomposite 20B, (e) nanocomposite 20H, (f) nanocomposite 20C, (g) nanocomposite 30B, (h) nanocomposite 30H and (i) nanocomposite 30C.

**Figure 5**
The average sizes of nano-TiC particles in TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon sources of pure C black, hybrid C/CNTs, and pure CNTs.

**Figure 6**
The (a) yield strength, (b) tensile strength, and (c) hardness of TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon sources of pure C black, hybrid C/CNTs, and pure CNTs.

**Figure 7**
TEM micrographs of 20 vol.% TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by the hybrid carbon source. (a–c) microstructure images, (d) nano-TiC particles, and (e,f) corresponded selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and HRTEM image of area A.

**Figure 8**
Variations of wear rate with applied load for the Al-Cu alloy and TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites (fabricated by the hybrid C/CNTs) under the abrasive Al₂O₃ particle sizes of (a) 23 μm, (b) 13 μm, and (c) 6.5 μm.

**Figure 9**
The SEM micrographs of worn surface of the Al-Cu alloy and TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites (fabricated by the hybrid C/CNTs) under various abrasive Al₂O₃ particle sizes and applied loads. (a) Al-Cu alloy, (b) 10H, (c) 20H and (d) 30H under tested load of 5 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (e) Al-Cu alloy, (f) 10H, (g) 20H and (h) 30H under tested load of 15 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (i) Al-Cu alloy, (j) 10H, (k) 20H and (l) 30H under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (m) Al-Cu alloy, (n) 10H, (o) 20H and (p) 30H under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 13 μm; (q) Al-Cu alloy, (r) 10H, (s) 20H and (t) 30H under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 6.5 μm.

**Figure 10**
Variations of wear rate with applied load for the Al-Cu alloy and TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites (fabricated by the pure C black) under the abrasive Al₂O₃ particle sizes of (a) 23 μm, (b) 13 μm, and (c) 6.5 μm.

**Figure 11**
The SEM micrographs of worn surface of the Al-Cu alloy and TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites (fabricated by the pure C black) under various abrasive Al₂O₃ particle sizes and applied loads. (a) Al-Cu alloy, (b) 10B, (c) 20B and (d) 30B under tested load of 5 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (e) Al-Cu alloy, (f) 10B, (g) 20B and (h) 30B under tested load of 15 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (i) Al-Cu alloy, (j) 10B, (k) 20B and (l) 30B under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (m) Al-Cu alloy, (n) 10B, (o) 20B and (p) 30B under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 13 μm; (q) Al-Cu alloy, (r) 10B, (s) 20B and (t) 30B under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 6.5 μm.

**Figure 12**
Variations of wear rate with applied load for the Al-Cu alloy and TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites (fabricated by the pure CNTs) under the abrasive Al₂O₃ particle sizes of (a) 23 μm, (b) 13 μm, and (c) 6.5 μm.

**Figure 13**
The SEM micrographs of worn surface of the Al-Cu alloy and TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites (fabricated by the pure CNTs) under various abrasive Al₂O₃ particle sizes and applied loads. (a) Al-Cu alloy, (b) 10C, (c) 20C and (d) 30C under tested load of 5 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (e) Al-Cu alloy, (f) 10C, (g) 20C and (h) 30C under tested load of 15 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (i) Al-Cu alloy, (j) 10C, (k) 20C and (l) 30C under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 23 μm; (m) Al-Cu alloy, (n) 10C, (o) 20C and (p) 30C under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 13 μm; (q) Al-Cu alloy, (r) 10C, (s) 20C and (t) 30C under tested load of 25 N and abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of 6.5 μm.

**Figure 14**
The comparisons in wear rate vs. applied load of the 30 vol.% TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by different carbon sources tested under abrasive Al₂O₃ particle size of (a) 23 μm, (b) 13 μm, and (c) 6.5 μm.

**Figure 15**
SEM images of worn surface and corresponded EDS analysis results of 30 vol.% TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon source of (a) C black, (b) hybrid C/CNTs, and (c) CNTs.

**Figure 16**
The abrasive wear behavior diagrams of TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by carbon source of (a) C black (nanocomposite 30B), (b) hybrid C/CNTs (nanocomposite 30H), and (c) CNTs (nanocomposite 30C).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Effects of Carbon Source on TiC Particles' Distribution, Tensile, and Abrasive Wear Properties of In Situ TiC/Al-Cu Nanocomposites Prepared in the Al-Ti-C System

Affiliations

Effects of Carbon Source on TiC Particles' Distribution, Tensile, and Abrasive Wear Properties of In Situ TiC/Al-Cu Nanocomposites Prepared in the Al-Ti-C System

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

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