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. 2018 Aug 10;7(8):209.
doi: 10.3390/jcm7080209.

Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Mateusz Maciejczyk  1 , Julita Szulimowska  2 , Anna Skutnik  3 , Katarzyna Taranta-Janusz  4 , Anna Wasilewska  5 , Natalia Wiśniewska  6 , Anna Zalewska  7
Affiliations

Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Mateusz Maciejczyk et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

There are still missing non-invasive biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress indicators in the non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated saliva (SWS) of CKD children (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25). Salivary antioxidants (catalase (CAT), peroxidase (Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), uric acid (UA), reduced glutathione (GSH), albumin), redox status (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI)), and oxidative damage products (advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA)) were evaluated. We have demonstrated the significantly higher activity of SWS GPx and SOD, as well as elevated concentrations of UA and albumin in NWS and SWS of CKD children vs. the control group. TAC, TOS and OSI were significantly higher only in SWS, while oxidative damage products (AGE, AOPP and MDA) were significantly higher in both NWS and SWS of CKD children. ROC analysis showed a considerably high diagnostic value of AOPP in both NWS and SWS of CKD children compared to controls (AUC = 0.92; 0.98). CKD is responsible for disturbances in salivary antioxidant systems and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. Salivary AOPP can be a potential biomarker of CKD in children.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; oxidative damage; oxidative stress; salivary biomarkers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Salivary antioxidant enzymes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the controls. CAT, catalase; NWS, non-stimulated whole saliva; Px, salivary peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SWS, stimulated whole saliva. Differences statistically important at: * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.0005.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Salivary non-enzymatic antioxidants in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the controls. GSH, reduced glutathione; NWS, non-stimulated whole saliva; SWS, stimulated whole saliva. Differences statistically important at: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Salivary total antioxidant/oxidant status in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the controls. NWS, non-stimulated whole saliva; OSI, oxidative stress index; SWS, stimulated whole saliva; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TOS, total oxidative status. Differences statistically important at: ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Salivary markers of oxidative damage in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the controls. AGE, advanced glycation end products; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; MDA, malondialdehyde; NWS, non-stimulated whole saliva; SWS, stimulated whole saliva. Differences statistically important at: * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.0005.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Correlations between salivary advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and clinical parameters in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate using Schwartz formula; SWS, stimulated whole saliva.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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