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. 2018 Sep;12(6):757-763.
doi: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0298.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of novel cross-linked chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles by aluminium ions for encapsulation of green tea flavonoids

Jaleh Varshosaz  1 , Hajar Asefi  2 , Batool Hashemi-Beni  3 , Solmaz Ghaffari  2 , Ali Davoudi  4
Affiliations

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of novel cross-linked chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles by aluminium ions for encapsulation of green tea flavonoids

Jaleh Varshosaz et al. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2018 Sep.

Abstract

Chondroitin sulphate is a sulphated glycosaminoglycan biopolymer composed over 100 individual sugars. Chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with catechin were prepared by an ionic gelation method using AlCl3 and optimised for polymer and cross-linking agent concentration, curing time and stirring speed. Zeta potential, particle size, loading efficiency, and release efficiency over 24 h (RE24%) were evaluated. The surface morphology of NPs was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and their thermal behaviour by differential scanning calorimetric. Antioxidant effect of NPs was determined by chelating activity of iron ions. The cell viability of mesenchymal stem cells was determined by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and the calcification of osteoblasts was studied by Alizarin red staining. The optimised NPs showed particle size of 176 nm, zeta potential of -20.8 mV, loading efficiency of 93.3% and RE24% of 80.6%. The chatechin loaded chondroitin sulphate NPs showed 70-fold more antioxidant activity, 3-fold proliferation effect and higher calcium precipitation in osteoblasts than free catechin.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Contribution percent of the studied variables on the particle size, zeta potential, loading efficiency and release efficiency of catechin from chondroitin NPs
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Catechin release profiles from (a) different studied chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles in pH 7.4, (b) the optimised nanoparticles in two different pH
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
SEM micrograph of the optimised catechin loaded chondroitin sulphate NPs of S9500 C0.5 A0.5 T25
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
DSC thermograms of (a) catechin loaded chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles of S9500 C0.5 A0.5 T25, (b) free catechin, (c) chondroitin sulphate, (d) Poloxamer 188
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Antioxidant activity of free catechin and optimised catechin loaded chondroitin sulphate NPs in chelating Fe2+ ions at different time intervals
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells after incubation with different concentrations of free catechin or catechin nanoparticles by MTT assay after (a) three days, (b) seven days
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Alizarin red staining of mesenchymal stem cells cultured with various concentrations of free catechin, catechin loaded NPs and chondroitin sulphate NPs (without catechin) in 14 and 21 days of exposure
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