Neuroplasticity, limbic neuroblastosis and neuro-regenerative disorders

Abstract

The brain is a dynamic organ of the biological renaissance due to the existence of neuroplasticity. Adult neurogenesis abides by every aspect of neuroplasticity in the intact brain and contributes to neural regeneration in response to brain diseases and injury. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis has unequivocally been witnessed in human subjects, experimental and wildlife research including rodents, bats and cetaceans. Adult neurogenesis is a complex cellular process, in which generation of neuroblasts namely, neuroblastosis appears to be an integral process that occur in the limbic system and basal ganglia in addition to the canonical neurogenic niches. Neuroblastosis can be regulated by various factors and contributes to different functions of the brain. The characteristics and fate of neuroblasts have been found to be different among mammals regardless of their cognitive functions. Recently, regulation of neuroblastosis has been proposed for the sensorimotor interface and regenerative neuroplasticity of the adult brain. Hence, the understanding of adult neurogenesis at the functional level of neuroblasts requires a great scientific attention. Therefore, this mini-review provides a glimpse into the conceptual development of neuroplasticity, discusses the possible role of different types of neuroblasts and signifies neuroregenerative failure as a potential cause of dementia.

Keywords: adult neurogenesis; echolocation; hippocampus; neotrophy; neuroblasts; neuroplasticity; neuroregenerative disorders; reactive neuroblastosis; ultrasound.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of stem cells, progenitors, neuronal and glia population of the hippocampus including microglia. The overall figure indicates neural stem cell (NSC) derived neurogenesis and gliogenesis through neuronal progenitor cell (NPS) in hippocampal stem cell niche of the adult brain. The bidirectional arrow indicates the self-renewal of NSC and Unicode arrows point out the differentiation of NPC. In the gliogenic program, astroglial precursor cell (APC) give rise to astrocytes and oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) give rise to oligodendrocyte respectively. The rectangle represents three different types of neuroblasts namely, housekeeping neuroblast, immunogenic (or intermediary) neuroblast and neurogenic neuroblast. The background represents the granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.