Beyond Friedel and Crafts: Directed Alkylation of C-H Bonds in Arenes

Abstract

Alkylation of arenes is one of the most fundamental transformations in chemical synthesis and leads to privileged scaffolds in many areas of science. Classical methods for the introduction of alkyl groups to arenes are mostly based on the Friedel-Crafts reaction, radical additions, metalation, or prefunctionalization of the arene: these methods, however, suffer from limitations in scope, efficiency, and selectivity. Moreover, they are based on the innate reactivity of the starting arene, favoring the alkylation at a certain position and rendering the introduction of alkyl chains at other positions much more challenging. This can be addressed by the use of a directing group that facilitates, in the presence of a metal catalyst, the regioselective alkylation of a C-H bond. These directed alkylations of C-H bonds in arenes will be comprehensively summarized in this Review.

Keywords: C−H activation; alkylation; arenes; catalysis; directing groups.