Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Feb;35(1):17-25.
doi: 10.1007/s12550-018-0327-0. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland

L Panasiuk  1 , P Jedziniak  2 , K Pietruszka  2 , M Piatkowska  2   3 , L Bocian  4
Affiliations

Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland

L Panasiuk et al. Mycotoxin Res. 2019 Feb.

Abstract

In this study, 120 silage samples collected in 2015 from farms in Poland were analysed by a multimycotoxin method based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The study included toxins which are regulated within the European Union (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2/HT-2 toxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone) and non-regulated mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, 8-ketotrichothecenes, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone derivatives). All silage samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin, and 61% of samples contained five or more mycotoxins simultaneously. The most frequently detected toxins were deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, enniatins and beauvericin, although the levels of these toxins were relatively low. The mean concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenon was 406 and 80.6 μg/kg, respectively, and two toxins were positive-correlated. This is the first study that provides information about emerging mycotoxins contaminating silage in Poland.

Keywords: Co-occurrence; Correlation; LC-MS/MS; Mycotoxins; Silage.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of Poland illustrating localization of surveyed samples
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Box plot presentation of mycotoxins levels in maize and grass silage
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Frequency of mycotoxins in maize and grass silage
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Abdallah MF, Girgin G, Baydar T, Krska R, Sulyok M. Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in animal feed and maize samples from Egypt using LC-MS/MS. J Sci Food Agric. 2017;97:4419–4428. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8293. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alassane-Kpembi I, Kolf-Clauw M, Gauthier T, Abrami R, Abiola F, Oswald IP, Puel O. New insights into mycotoxin mixtures: the toxicity of low doses of Type B trichothecenes on intestinal epithelial cells is synergistic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013;272:191–198. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.023. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alonso VA, Pereyra CM, Keller LAM, Dalcero AM, Rosa CAR, Chiacchiera SM, Cavaglieri LR. Fungi and mycotoxins in silage: an overview. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115:637–643. doi: 10.1111/jam.12178. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Berthiller F, Sulyok M, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. Chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins and their conjugates in cereals. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007;119:33–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.022. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Borutova R, Aragon YA, Nährer K, Berthiller F. Co-occurrence and statistical correlations between mycotoxins in feedstuffs collected in the Asia-Oceania in 2010. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2012;178:190–197. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.015. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources