Identifying the PECO: A framework for formulating good questions to explore the association of environmental and other exposures with health outcomes

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) & Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: morganrl@mcmaster.ca.
² Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. Electronic address: p.whaley@lancaster.ac.uk.
³ Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Division, National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Building B (Room 211i), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. Electronic address: thayer.kris@epa.gov.
⁴ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) & Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: schuneh@mcmaster.ca.

Rebecca L Morgan et al. Environ Int. 2018 Dec.

. 2018 Dec;121(Pt 1):1027-1031.

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.015. Epub 2018 Aug 27.

¹ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) & Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: morganrl@mcmaster.ca.
² Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. Electronic address: p.whaley@lancaster.ac.uk.
³ Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Division, National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Building B (Room 211i), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. Electronic address: thayer.kris@epa.gov.
⁴ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) & Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C14, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: schuneh@mcmaster.ca.

No abstract available

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no competing financial interests with respect to this manuscript, or its content, or subject matter.

The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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