Effects of regular endurance exercise on GlycA: Combined analysis of 14 exercise interventions

Abstract

Background and aims: GlycA is a relatively new biomarker for inflammation as well as cardiometabolic disease risk. However, the effect of exercise on GlycA is largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of regular exercise on the inflammatory marker GlycA across seven studies and 14 exercise interventions.

Methods: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, specifically signal amplitudes originating from the N-acetyl methyl group protons of the N-acetylglucosamine residues on the glycan branches of glycoproteins, was used to quantify GlycA concentrations. GlycA was measured before and after completion of an exercise intervention in 1568 individuals across seven studies and 14 exercise interventions. Random effects inverse variance weighting models were used to pool effects across interventions.

Results: Combined analysis of unadjusted data showed that regular exercise significantly (p = 2 × 10^-6) reduced plasma GlycA (-8.26 ± 1.8 μmol/L). This reduction remained significant (-9.12 ± 1.9 μmol/L, p = 1.22 × 10^-6) following adjustment for age, sex, race, baseline BMI, and baseline GlycA. Changes in GlycA were correlated with changes in traditional inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen, however, these correlations were relatively weak (range r: 0.21-0.38, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: Regular exercise significantly reduced plasma GlycA across 14 different exercise interventions despite differences in exercise programs and study populations. The current study provides a greater understanding of the use of exercise as a potential therapy for the reduction of systemic inflammation. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind the exercise-related reductions in GlycA.

Keywords: Exercise training; Inflammation; NMR spectroscopy.

Figure 1.. Adjusted meta-analysis results for change in GlycA following various exercise interventions.

Adjusted mean change with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are shown. Mean values were adjusted for age, sex, race, baseline BMI, and baseline GlycA. Summary estimate = −9.12 μmol/L, I²=83.4, Q=78.2, p=1.22×10⁻⁶. Size of the marker for the mean value of each exercise group represents the relative weight of the study in the combined analysis. KKW, kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per week.