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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Sep 4;9(9):CD013102.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013102.

Pharmacist services for non-hospitalised patients

Mícheál de Barra  1 , Claire L Scott, Neil W Scott, Marie Johnston, Marijn de Bruin, Nancy Nkansah, Christine M Bond, Catriona I Matheson, Pamela Rackow, A Jess Williams, Margaret C Watson
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Pharmacist services for non-hospitalised patients

Mícheál de Barra et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This review focuses on non-dispensing services from pharmacists, i.e. pharmacists in community, primary or ambulatory-care settings, to non-hospitalised patients, and is an update of a previously-published Cochrane Review.

Objectives: To examine the effect of pharmacists' non-dispensing services on non-hospitalised patient outcomes.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, two other databases and two trial registers in March 2015, together with reference checking and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. We included non-English language publications. We ran top-up searches in January 2018 and have added potentially eligible studies to 'Studies awaiting classification'.

Selection criteria: Randomised trials of pharmacist services compared with the delivery of usual care or equivalent/similar services with the same objective delivered by other health professionals.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures of Cochrane and the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group. Two review authors independently checked studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risks of bias. We evaluated the overall certainty of evidence using GRADE.

Main results: We included 116 trials comprising 111 trials (39,729 participants) comparing pharmacist interventions with usual care and five trials (2122 participants) comparing pharmacist services with services from other healthcare professionals. Of the 116 trials, 76 were included in meta-analyses. The 40 remaining trials were not included in the meta-analyses because they each reported unique outcome measures which could not be combined. Most trials targeted chronic conditions and were conducted in a range of settings, mostly community pharmacies and hospital outpatient clinics, and were mainly but not exclusively conducted in high-income countries. Most trials had a low risk of reporting bias and about 25%-30% were at high risk of bias for performance, detection, and attrition. Selection bias was unclear for about half of the included studies.Compared with usual care, we are uncertain whether pharmacist services reduce the percentage of patients outside the glycated haemoglobin target range (5 trials, N = 558, odds ratio (OR) 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 2.22; very low-certainty evidence). Pharmacist services may reduce the percentage of patients whose blood pressure is outside the target range (18 trials, N = 4107, OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.55; low-certainty evidence) and probably lead to little or no difference in hospital attendance or admissions (14 trials, N = 3631, OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.11; moderate-certainty evidence). Pharmacist services may make little or no difference to adverse drug effects (3 trials, N = 590, OR 1.65, 95% CI 0.84 to 3.24) and may slightly improve physical functioning (7 trials, N = 1329, mean difference (MD) 5.84, 95% CI 1.21 to 10.48; low-certainty evidence). Pharmacist services may make little or no difference to mortality (9 trials, N = 1980, OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.12, low-certaintly evidence).Of the five studies that compared services delivered by pharmacists with other health professionals, no studies evaluated the impact of the intervention on the percentage of patients outside blood pressure or glycated haemoglobin target range, hospital attendance and admission, adverse drug effects, or physical functioning.

Authors' conclusions: The results demonstrate that pharmacist services have varying effects on patient outcomes compared with usual care. We found no studies comparing services delivered by pharmacists with other healthcare professionals that evaluated the impact of the intervention on the six main outcome measures. The results need to be interpreted cautiously because there was major heterogeneity in study populations, types of interventions delivered and reported outcomes.There was considerable heterogeneity within many of the meta-analyses, as well as considerable variation in the risks of bias.

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Conflict of interest statement

MdBa No known conflict of interest.

CS No known conflict of interest.

NWS No known conflict of interest.

MJ No known conflict of interest.

MdBr No known conflict of interest.

NN No known conflict of interest.

CM No known conflict of interest.

CB No known conflict of interest. Co‐author of Bond 2000; Bruhn 2013; not involved in the data extraction or 'Risk of bias' assessment of these trials.

AJW No known conflict of interest.

PR No known conflict of interest.

MCW No known conflict of interest. Co‐author of Bruhn 2013: not involved in the data extraction or 'Risk of bias' assessment of this trials.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

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Cordina 2001 {published data only}
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De Castro 2006 {published data only}
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Doucette 2009 {published data only}
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Edwards 2014 {published data only}
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Farsaei 2011 {published data only}
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Faulkner 2000 {published data only}
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García‐Cárdenas 2013 {published data only}
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Gattis 1999a {published data only}
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González‐Martin 2003 {published data only}
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Hawes 2013 {published data only}
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Hendrie 2014 {published data only}
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Hirsch 2014 {published data only}
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Ho 2013 {published data only}
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Holland 2005 {published data only}
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Hunt 2008 {published data only}
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Jaber 1996 {published data only}
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Jackson 2004 {published data only}
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Jahangard‐Rafsanjani 2014 {published data only}
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Jarab 2012 {published data only}
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Khdour 2009 {published data only}
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Krass 2007 {published data only}
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Kritikos 2007 {published data only}
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Krska 2001 {published data only}
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Lai 2013 {published data only}
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Lee 2006 {published data only}
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Lenaghan 2007 {published data only}
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Lenander 2014 {published data only}
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Magid 2013 {published data only}
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Mahwi 2013 {published data only}
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Malone 2001 {published data only}
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Milos 2013 {published data only}
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Murray 2007 {published data only}
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Naunton 2003 {published data only}
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Obreli‐Neto 2015 {published data only}
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Okamoto 2001 {published data only}
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Olesen 2014 {published data only}
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Paulos 2005 {published data only}
    1. Paulos CP, Nygren CE, Celedon C, Carcamo CA. Impact of a pharmaceutical care program in a community pharmacy on patients with dyslipidemia. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2005;39(5):939‐43. - PubMed
Peterson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Peterson GM, Fitzmaurice KD, Naunton M, Vial JH, Stewart K, Krum H. Impact of pharmacist‐conducted home visits on the outcomes of lipid‐lowering drug therapy. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2004;29(1):23‐30. - PubMed
Reid 2005 {published data only}
    1. Reid F, Murray P, Storrie M. Implementation of a pharmacist‐led clinic for hypertensive patients in primary care‐a pilot study. Pharmacy World and Science 2005;27(3):202‐7. - PubMed
Rickles 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rickles NM, Svarstad BL, Statz‐Paynter JL, Taylor LV, Kobak KA. Pharmacist telemonitoring of antidepressant use: effects on pharmacist‐patient collaboration. Journal of the American Pharmacists' Association 2005;45(3):344‐53. - PubMed
Rothman 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rothman RL, Malone R, Bryant B, Shintani AK, Crigler B, Dewalt DA, et al. A randomized trial of a primary care‐based disease management program to improve cardiovascular risk factors and glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with diabetes. American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(3):276‐84. - PubMed
Rubio‐Valera 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rubio‐Valera M, March PM, Fernández A, Peñarrubia‐María MT, Travé P, López Del Hoyo Y, et al. Evaluation of a pharmacist intervention on patients initiating pharmacological treatment for depression: a randomized controlled superiority trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;23(9):1057‐66. - PubMed
Sadik 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sadik A, Yousif M, McElnay JC. Pharmaceutical care of patients with heart failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2005;60(2):183‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Salazar‐Ospina 2017 {published data only}
    1. Salazar‐Ospina A, Amariles P, Hincapié‐García JA, González‐Avendaño S, Benjumea DM, Faus MJ. Effectiveness of the Dader method for pharmaceutical care on patients with bipolar I disorder: results from the EMDADER‐TAB Study. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 2017;23(1):74‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Samtia 2013 {published data only}
    1. Samtia AM, Rasool MF, Ranjha NM, Usman F, Javed I. A multifactorial intervention to enhance adherence to medications and disease‐related knowledge in type 2 diabetic patients in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2013;12(5):851‐6.
Sarkadi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sarkadi A, Rosenqvist U. Experience‐based group education in Type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2004;53(3):291‐8. - PubMed
Schneider 1982 {published data only}
    1. Schneider PJ, Larrimer JN, Visconti JA, Miller WA. Role effectiveness of a pharmacist in the maintenance of patients with hypertension and congestive heart failure. Contemporary Pharmacy Practice 1982;5(2):74‐9. - PubMed
Schneiderhan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Schneiderhan ME, Shuster SM, Davey CS. Twelve‐month prospective randomized study of pharmacists utilizing point‐of‐care testing for metabolic syndrome and related conditions in subjects prescribed antipsychotics. Primary Care Companion to CNS Disorders 2014;16(5):1669. [DOI: 10.4088/PCC.14m01669] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sellors 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sellors J, Kaczorowski J, Sellors C, Dolovich L, Woodward C, Willan A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a pharmacist consultation program for family physicians and their elderly patients. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2003;169(1):17‐22. - PMC - PubMed
Sidel 1990 {published data only}
    1. Sidel VW, Beizer JL, Lisi‐Fazio D, Kleinmann K, Wenston J, Thomas C, et al. Controlled study of the impact of educational home visits by pharmacists to high‐risk older patients. Journal of Community Health 1990;15(3):163‐74. - PubMed
Silveira 2014 {published data only}
    1. Silveira MP, Guttier MC, Page K, Moreira LB. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care on therapeutic success in HIV‐infected patients in southern Brazil. AIDS & Behavior 2014;18(1):75‐84. - PubMed
Simpson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Simpson SH, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Lewanczuk RZ, Spooner R, Johnson JA. Effect of adding pharmacists to primary care teams on blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34(1):20‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Solomon 1998 {published data only}
    1. Solomon DK, Portner TS, Bass GE, Gourley DR, Gourley GA, Holt JM, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. Journal of the American Pharmacists' Association 1998;38(5):574‐85. - PubMed
Sookaneknun 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sookaneknun P, Richards RM, Sanguansermsri J, Teerasut C. Pharmacist involvement in primary care improves hypertensive patient clinical outcomes. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2004;38(12):2023‐8. - PubMed
Stewart 2014 {published data only}
    1. Stewart K, George J, Namara KP, Jackson SL, Peterson GM, Bereznicki LR, et al. A multifaceted pharmacist intervention to improve antihypertensive adherence: A cluster‐randomized, controlled trial (HAPPy trial). Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2014;39(5):527‐34. - PubMed
Suppapitiporn 2005 {published data only}
    1. Suppapitiporn S, Chindavijak B, Onsanit S. Effect of diabetes drug counseling by pharmacist, diabetic disease booklet and special medication containers on glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 2005;88 Suppl 4:S134‐41. - PubMed
Tang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tang F, Zhu G, Jiao Z, Ma C, Chen N, Wang B. The effects of medication education and behavioral intervention on Chinese patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior 2014;37:157‐164. - PubMed
Tannenbaum 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tannenbaum C, Martin P, Tamblyn R, Benedetti A, Ahmed S. Reduction of inappropriate benzodiazepine prescriptions among older adults through direct patient education: The EMPOWER cluster randomized trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2014;174(6):890‐8. - PubMed
Taveira 2011 {published data only}
    1. Taveira TH, Dooley AG, Cohen LB, Khatana SA, Wu WC. Pharmacist‐led group medical appointments for the management of type 2 diabetes with comorbid depression in older adults. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2011;45(11):1346‐55. - PubMed
Taveira 2014 {published data only}
    1. Taveira TH, Wu WC. Interventions to maintain cardiac risk control after discharge from a cardiovascular risk reduction clinic: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice 2014;105(3):327‐35. - PubMed
Taylor 2003 {published data only}
    1. Taylor CT, Byrd DC, Krueger K. Improving primary care in rural Alabama with a pharmacy initiative. American Journal of Health‐System Pharmacy 2003;60(11):1123‐9. - PubMed
Tommelein 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tommelein E, Mehuys E, Hees T, Adriaens E, Bortel L, Christiaens T, et al. Effectiveness of pharmaceutical care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PHARMACOP): A randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2014;77(5):756‐66. - PMC - PubMed
Tsuyuki 2002 {published data only}
    1. Tsuyuki RT, Johnson JA, Teo KK, Simpson SH, Ackman ML, Biggs RS, et al. A randomized trial of the effect of community pharmacist intervention on cholesterol risk management: the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists (SCRIP). Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(10):1149‐55. - PubMed
Tsuyuki 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tsuyuki RT, Houle SK, Charrois TL, Kolber MR, Rosenthal MM, Lewanczuk R, et al. for the RxACTION Investigators. Randomized trial of the effect of pharmacist prescribing on improving blood pressure in the community: The Alberta Clinical Trial in Optimizing Hypertension (RxACTION). Circulation 2015;132(2):93‐100. - PubMed
Verret 2012 {published data only}
    1. Verret L, Justine C, Rozon A, Saudrais‐Janecek S, St‐Onge A, Nguyen A, et al. Impact of a pharmacist‐led warfarin self‐management program on quality of life and anticoagulation control: a randomized trial. Pharmacotherapy 2012;32(10):871‐9. - PubMed
Vivian 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vivian EM. Improving blood pressure control in a pharmacist‐managed hypertension clinic. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22(12):1533‐40. - PubMed
Volume 2001 {published data only}
    1. Volume CI, Farris KB, Kassam R, Cox CE, Cave A. Pharmaceutical care research and education project: patient outcomes. Journal of the American Pharmacists' Association 2001;41(3):411‐20. - PubMed
Wal 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wal P, Wal A, Bhandari A, Pandey U, Rai AK. Pharmacist involvement in the patient care improves outcome in hypertension patients. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice 2013;2(3):123‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Weinberger 2002 {published data only}
    1. Weinberger M, Murray MD, Marrero DG, Brewer N, Lykens M, Harris LE, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacist care for patients with reactive airways disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288(13):1594‐602. - PubMed
Wu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wu JY, Leung WY, Chang S, Lee B, Zee B, Tong PC, et al. Effectiveness of telephone counselling by a pharmacist in reducing mortality in patients receiving polypharmacy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;333(7567):522. - PMC - PubMed
Zermansky 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zermansky AG, Petty DR, Raynor DK, Freemantle N, Vail A, Lowe CJ. Randomised controlled trial of clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly patients receiving repeat prescriptions in general practice. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2001;323(7325):1340‐3. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Bayraktar‐Ekincioglu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bayraktar‐Ekincioglu A, Hudson S. Design and evaluation of monitoring programme for methotrexate users in the arthritic population ‐ a study at the primary and the secondary care interface. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013;10(1):125‐36.
Gangwar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gangwar SS, Monisha N, Nachiya J, Narasingarao K, Parimalakrishnan S, Singh SP. Impact of medication and psychological behaviour assessment by community pharmacists in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after hospital stay. African Health Sciences 2014;14(3):539‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Varma 1999 {published data only}
    1. Varma S, McElnay JC, Hughes CM, Passmore AP, Varma M. Pharmaceutical care of patients with congestive heart failure: interventions and outcomes. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 1999;19(7):860‐9. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Aguiar 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aguiar PM, Silva CH, Chiann C, Dórea EL, Lyra DP Jr, Stopitis S. Pharmacist‐physician collaborative care model for patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in Brazil: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2016;24(1):22‐30. - PubMed
Al Hamarneh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Al Hamarneh YN, Tsuyuki RT, Jones CA, Manns B, Tonelli M, Scott‐Douglass N, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacist interventions on cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD: a subgroup analysis of the randomized controlled REACH Trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2018;71(1):42‐51. - PubMed
Aljumah 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aljumah K. Impact of pharmacist intervention using shared decision making on adherence and measurable depressed patient outcomes. Value in Health 2016;19:A19.
Almomani 2017 {published data only}
    1. Almomani BA, Mayyas RK, Ekteish FA, Ayoub AM, Ababneh MA, Alzoubi SA. The effectiveness of clinical pharmacist's intervention in improving asthma care in children and adolescents: randomized controlled study in Jordan. Patient Education & Counseling 2017;100(4):728‐35. - PubMed
Al‐Tameemi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Tameemi D, Al‐Tukmagi H. The application of pharmaceutical care program on patients with dyslipidemia in Iraqi community pharmacy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2017;47(1):45‐51.
Anderegg 2016 {published data only}
    1. Anderegg MD, Gums TH, Uribe L, Coffey CS, James PA, Carter BL. Physician‐pharmacist collaborative management: narrowing the socioeconomic blood pressure gap. Hypertension 2016;68(5):1314‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Avery 2012 {published data only}
    1. Avery AJ, Rodgers S, Cantrill JA, Armstrong S, Cresswell K, Eden M, et al. A pharmacist‐led information technology intervention for medication errors (PINCER): a multicentre, cluster randomised, controlled trial and cost‐effectiveness analysis. Lancet 2012;379(9823):1310‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Basger 2015 {published data only}
    1. Basger BJ, Moles RJ, Chen TF. Impact of an enhanced pharmacy discharge service on prescribing appropriateness criteria: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2015;37(6):1194‐205. - PubMed
Basheti 2016 {published data only}
    1. Basheti IA, Tadros OK, Aburuz S. Value of a community‐based medication management review service in Jordan: a prospective randomized controlled study. Pharmacotherapy 2016;36(10):1075‐86. - PubMed
Batta 2017 {published data only}
    1. Batta RA, Kasabri V, Akour A, Hyassat D, Albsoul‐Younes A. Impact of clinical pharmacists intervention on management of hyperglycemia in pregnancy in Jordan. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2017;40(1):48‐55. - PubMed
Boudreau 2002 {published data only}
    1. Boudreau DM, Capoccia KL, Sullivan SD, Blough DK, Ellsworth AJ, Clark DL, et al. Collaborative care model to improve outcomes in major depression. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2002;36(4):585‐91. - PubMed
Butt 2016 {published data only}
    1. Butt M, Mhd Ali A, Bakry MM, Mustafa N. Impact of a pharmacist led diabetes mellitus intervention on HbA1c, medication adherence and quality of life: A randomised controlled study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2016;24(1):40‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Cani 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cani CG, Lopes Lda S, Queiroz M, Nery M. Improvement in medication adherence and self‐management of diabetes with a clinical pharmacy program: a randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing insulin therapy at a teaching hospital. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2015;70(2):102‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Cantrill 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cantrill J. The PINCER trial: A cluster randomised trial comparing the effectiveness of a pharmacist‐led IT‐based intervention with simple feedback in reducing rates of clinically important errors in medicines management in general practices. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2010;18:5. - PMC - PubMed
Carter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Carter BL, Coffey CS, Ardery G, Uribe L, Ecklund D, James P, et al. Cluster‐randomized trial of a physician/pharmacist collaborative model to improve blood pressure control. Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes 2015;8(3):235‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Choi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Choi B, Lee S, Jung J, Suh D. Impact of patient education on medication on health outcomes and adherence in patients with asthma. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Conference: 36th annual congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, EAACI 2017. Finland 2017;72:380‐1.
Chow 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chow EP, Hassali A. Medication counseling beyond institutional: Impact of pharmacist‐led home medication review in type 2 diabetes patients. Value in Health 2014;17(7):A746. - PubMed
Chow 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chow EP, Hassali MA, Saleem F, Aljadhey H. Effects of pharmacist‐led patient education on diabetes‐related knowledge and medication adherence: A home‐based study. Health Education Journal 2015;75(4):421‐33.
Chow 2015a {published data only}
    1. Chow EP, Hassali MA, Saleem F, Kumar R. Assessment of pharmacist‐led home‐based educational intervention among type 2 diabetes patients in the state of Penang, Malaysia. Value in Health 2015;18(7):A866.
Clyne 2015 {published data only}
    1. Clyne B, Smith SM, Hughes CM, Boland F, Bradley MC, Cooper JA, et al. Effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients in primary care: A cluster‐randomized controlled trial (OPTI‐SCRIPT Study). Annals of Family Medicine 2015;13(6):545‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Cooney 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cooney D, Moon H, Liu Y, Miller RT, Perzynski A, Watts B, et al. A pharmacist based intervention to improve the care of patients with CKD: a pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2015;16:56. - PMC - PubMed
De Azevedo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Azevedo MG, Pedrosa RS, Aoqui CM, Martins RR, Nagashima Junior T. Effectiveness of home pharmaceutical interventions in metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2017;53(2):e16089.
Dischinger 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dischinger HR, Cheng E, Mann AD, Grueber TM, Hawk S, Davis LA, et al. Decisional support to prevent adverse drug reactions of long latency: pilot randomized controlled intervention for glucocorticoid‐induced diabetes. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2015;21(4):614‐9. - PubMed
Elhatab 2016 {published data only}
    1. Elhatab N, Silcock J, Graham A. Knowledge, attitudes and self‐care activities among patients with type II diabetes. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2016;23:A162.
Erku 2017 {published data only}
    1. Erku DA, Ayele AA, Mekuria AB, Belachew SA, Hailemeskel B, Tegegn HG. The impact of pharmacist‐led medication therapy management on medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. Pharmacy Practice 2017;15(3):1026. - PMC - PubMed
Erku 2017a {published data only}
    1. Erku DA, Belachew SA, Tegegn HG, Ayele AA. The impact of pharmacist‐led medication therapy management on medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled study. Value in Health 2017;20 (9):A402. - PMC - PubMed
Garcia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Garcia BH, Giverhaug T, Hogli JU, Skjold F, Smabrekke L. A pharmacist‐led follow‐up program for patients with established coronary heart disease in North Norway ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Pharmacy Practice 2015;13(2):575. - PMC - PubMed
Geurts 2015 {published data only}
    1. Geurts MM, Stewart RE, Brouwers JR, Graeff PA, Gier JJ. Patient beliefs about medicines and quality of life after a clinical medication review and follow‐up by a pharmaceutical care plan: A study in elderly polypharmacy patients with a cardiovascular disorder. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 2015;6(4):171‐6.
Goldfien 2017 {published data only}
    1. Goldfien R, Pressman A, Jacobson A, Ng M, Avins A. A pharmacist‐staffed, virtual gout management clinic for achieving target serum uric acid levels: a randomized clinical trial. Permanente Journal 2017;20(3):18‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Grainger‐Rousseau 1996 {published data only}
    1. Grainger‐Rousseau TJ, McElnay JC. A model for community pharmacist involvement with general practitioners in the management of asthma patients. Journal of Applied Therapeutics 1996;1:145‐61.
Haag 2016 {published data only}
    1. Haag JD, Davis AZ, Hoel RW, Armon JJ, Odell LJ, Dierkhising RA, et al. Impact of pharmacist‐provided medication therapy management on healthcare quality and utilization in recently discharged elderly patients. American Health & Drug Benefits 2016;9(5):259‐68. - PMC - PubMed
Hedegaard 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hedegaard U, Kjeldsen LJ, Pottegard A, Bak S, Hallas J. Multifaceted intervention including motivational interviewing to support medication adherence after stroke/transient ischemic attack: a randomized trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 2014;4(3):221‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Hedegaard 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hedegaard U, Kjeldsen LJ, Pottegard A, Henriksen JE, Lambrechtsen J, Hangaard J, et al. Improving medication adherence in patients with hypertension: A randomized trial. American Journal of Medicine 2015;128(12):1351‐61. - PubMed
Hedegaard 2015a {published data only}
    1. Hedegaard U, Kjeldsen LJ, Pottegard A, Hallas J. A multifaceted pharmacist intervention to support medication adherence after stroke and transient ischemic attack. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2015;37(1):187.
Hedegaard 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hedegaard U, Kjeldsen LJ, Pottegard A, Henriksen JE, Lambrechtsen J, Hangaard J. Improving medication adherence in patients with hypertension: A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2016;38(6):470‐1.
Houle 2016 {published data only}
    1. Houle SK, Charrois TL, McAlister FA, Kolber MR, Rosenthal MM, Lewanczuk R, et al. Pay‐for‐performance remuneration for pharmacist prescribers' management of hypertension: A substudy of the RxACTION trial. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 2016;149(6):345‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Iqbal 2015 {published data only}
    1. Iqbal MS, Iqbal MZ, Iqbal MW, Nasir S, Bahari MB. Pharmacist‐led interventions to improve health‐related quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Pakistan: An insight from a randomized controlled non‐clinical trial. Value in Health 2015;18(3):A27.
Isetts 2016 {published data only}
    1. Isetts BJ, Buffington DE, Carter BL, Smith M, Polgreen LA, James PA. Evaluation of pharmacists' work in a physician‐pharmacist collaborative model for the management of hypertension. Pharmacotherapy:The Journal of Human Pharmacology & Drug Therapy 2016;36(4):374‐84. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN10671625 2017 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN10671625. Role of pharmacist in diabetes management at community pharmacy. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10671625 2017; Vol. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10671625:https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN106....
Kandasamy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kandasamy K, Natarajan A, Sebastian J, Konakalla M, Sam R, Rajagopal SS, et al. Impact of pharmacist intervention in screening and education on blood pressure in a rural area in Southern India. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2016;9(3):339‐43.
Korcegez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Korcegez EI, Sancar M, Demirkan K. Effect of a pharmacist‐led program on improving outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Northern Cyprus: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 2017;23(5):573‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Lainscak 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lainscak M, Roblek T, Deticek A, Leskovar B, Horvat M, Belic A, et al. Clinical‐pharmacist intervention reduces clinically relevant drug‐drug interactions in patients with heart failure: A randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 2016;18:187. - PubMed
Lalonde 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lalonde L, Quintana‐Barcena P, Lord A, Bell R, Clement V, Daigneault AM, et al. Community pharmacist training‐and‐communication network and drug‐related problems in patients With CKD: A multicenter, cluster‐randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2017;70(3):386‐96. - PubMed
Lim 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lim PC, Lim K, Embee ZC, Hassali MA, Thiagarajan A, Khan TM. Study investigating the impact of pharmacist involvement on the outcomes of diabetes medication therapy adherence program Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016;29(2):595‐601. - PubMed
Loganadan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Loganadan NK, Lim KY, Nur NM, Ariffin F. Cost‐effectiveness of pharmacist managed medication therapy adherence clinic (MTAC) on type 2 diabetes patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia. Pharmacotherapy 2012;32:e270.
Lowrie 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lowrie R. Pharmacist intervention in primary care for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. European Heart Journal 2012;33(3):141. - PubMed
Lyons 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lyons I, Barber N, Raynor DK, Wei L. The Medicines Advice Service Evaluation (MASE): a randomised controlled trial of a pharmacist‐led telephone based intervention designed to improve medication adherence. BMJ Quality & Safety 2016;25(10):759‐69. - PubMed
Manfrin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Manfrin A, Tinelli M, Thomas T, Krska J. A cluster randomised control trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the Italian medicines use review (I‐MUR) for asthma patients. BMC Health Services Research 2017;17(1):300. - PMC - PubMed
Mansell 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mansell K, Evans C, Tran D, Sevany S. The association between self‐monitoring of blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C and testing patterns in community pharmacies: Results of a pilot study. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 2016;149(1):28‐37. - PMC - PubMed
Margolis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Margolis KL, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Dehmer SP, Maciosek MV, Nyboer RA, et al. A successful multifaceted trial to improve hypertension control in primary care: Why did it work?. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2015;30(11):1665‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Marra 2011 {published data only}
    1. Marra C, Grindrod K, Grubisic M, Gastonguay L, Cibere J, Colley L. The pharmacist initiated intervention trial in osteoarthritis (PhIT‐OA): Clinical outcomes. Journal of Rheumatology 2011;38:1139.
Marra 2011a {published data only}
    1. Marra C, Grindrod K, Grubisic M, Kopec J, Esdaile J, Gastonguay L, et al. The pharmacist‐initiated intervention trial in osteoarthritis (PHIT‐OA): Clinical outcomes (155) and cost‐effectiveness analysis (168). Reumatologia Clinica Suplementos 2011;7:9.
Martin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Martin P, Tannenbaum C, Tamblyn R, Benedetti A, Ahmed S. D‐PRESCRIBE: a randomized cluster controlled trial to reduce inappropriate prescriptions in seniors. Canadian Pharmacists Journal. Conference: Canadian pharmacists association conference, CPha 2017. Canada 2017;150:S14.
Martin 2017a {published data only}
    1. Martin P, Tannenbaum C, Tamblyn R, Benedetti A, Ahmed S. D‐prescribe overtakes empower in patient‐centered deprescribing of benzodiazepines: Preliminary results from a pragmatic cluster‐randomized community‐based trial in Canada. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2017;65:S1‐2.
Mateti 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mateti UV, Ummer J, Kodangala S. Impact of clinical pharmacist counselling and education on quality of life in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 2016;50(3):360‐7.
McNamara 2011 {published data only}
    1. McNamara K, Stewart K, George J, Jackson S, Peterson G, Hughes J. Efficacy of a pharmacist‐managed intervention for improved blood pressure control in patients with elevated cardiovascular disease risk: Subgroup analysis of the HAPPY RCT. Heart Lung and Circulation 2011;20(Suppl 2):S4.
Mendes 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mendes AE, Lombardi NF, Andrzejevski VS, Frandoloso G, Correr CJ, Carvalho M. Medication reconciliation at patient admission: a randomized controlled trial. Pharmacy Practice 2016;14(1):656. - PMC - PubMed
Mikuls 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mikuls TR, Cheetham TC, Levy GD, Rashid N, Low K, Coburn BW, et al. Improving gout outcomes: the randomized evaluation of an ambulatory care pharmacist‐led intervention to optimize urate lowering pathways (Ramp‐up) study. Arthritis and rheumatology. Conference: American College of Rheumatology. Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals Annual Scientific Meeting, ACR/ARHP 2017. United states 2017;69:http://acrabstracts.org/abstract/improving‐gout‐outcomes‐the‐randomized‐....
Nguyen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen VH, Poon J, Tokuda L, Sayers J, Wallis RA, Dergalust S. Pharmacist telephone interventions improve adherence to stroke preventive medications and reduce stroke risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2011;42:e244.
Obarcanin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Obarcanin E, Kruger M, Muller P, Nemitz V, Schwender H, Hasanbegovic S, et al. Pharmaceutical care of adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1: the DIADEMA study, a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2015;37(5):790‐8. - PubMed
Obarcanin 2015a {published data only}
    1. Obarcanin E, Kruger M, Muller P, Nemitz V, Schwender H, Hasanbegovic S. Pharmaceutical care of adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1: the DIADEMA study, a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2015;37(5):790‐8. - PubMed
Ojieabu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ojieabu WA, Bello SI, Saka AS. Evaluation of pharmacist's educational and counseling impact on patients' clinical outcomes in a diabetic setting. Value in Health 2017;20 (5):A315.
Ojieabu 2017a {published data only}
    1. Ojieabu WA, Saka SA, Ojieabu CE. Evaluation of pharmacist's educational and counseling impact on patients clinical outcomes in a diabetic setting. Value in Health 2017;20 (9):A483.
Okada 2017 {published data only}
    1. Okada H, Onda M, Shoji M, Sakane N, Nakagawa Y, Sozu T, et al. Effects of lifestyle advice provided by pharmacists on blood pressure: The COMmunity Pharmacists ASSist for Blood Pressure (COMPASS‐BP) randomized trial. Bioscience Trends 2017;11(6):632‐9. - PubMed
Olivera 2016 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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