Exercise, energy balance and body composition

Abstract

Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. Combining the results from 23 exercise training studies in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, varying in duration from 2 to 64 weeks, showed an average initial energy imbalance of about 2 MJ/day with an exponential decline to nearly zero after about 1 year. A compensatory increase in energy intake is the most likely explanation for the lower than expected effect of exercise on energy balance. Overall, exercise training results in a healthier body composition as reflected by a reduction of body fat, especially in overweight and obese subjects, with little or no long-term effect on body weight.

Fig. 1

Energy balance for studies with different duration of exercise training as presented in Table 1. Energy balance is calculated from the change in body composition using the chemical energy equivalents for changes in fat mass (39.5 MJ/kg) and fat-free mass (7.6 MJ/kg) [32]. Closed dots: women; open dots: men; and crossed dots: women and men