Paging the eCardiologist: insights into referral behaviour of primary care physicians from qualitative analysis of a cardiology eConsult service

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of primary care physician cardiology referrals by performing qualitative analysis of questions asked by primary care physicians in cardiology electronic consultation services (eConsults).

Setting: A health region in eastern Ontario, Canada, where primary care providers have had access to an eConsult service since 2010.

Participants: We included all consecutive cardiology eConsults initiated by registered primary care provider users of our eConsult service and who initiated one or more eConsult between July 2014 and January 2015. We excluded eConsults in which the primary care provider attached a document without asking a question. A convenience sample of 100 consecutive eConsults initiated by 61 primary care providers was analysed after excluding 14 eConsults.Primary and secondary outcome measures: Primary care provider eConsult questions are categorised into thematic categories based on the constant comparison method of qualitative analysis with external validation by content experts. Secondary outcomes include sample primary care provider eConsult questions to illustrate each theme and any emergent subthemes.

Results: Thematic saturation occurred after analysis of 30 eConsults. An additional 70 eConsults were coded with no new emergent themes. Themes include exceptions to clinical guidelines (n=13), non-cardiac treatment in a cardiac patient (n=13), specific investigation/management (n=18), interpretation of diagnostic testing (n=46), clinical concerns despite normal testing (n=4) and screening for positive family history (n=6). Subthemes include multiple comorbidities and mild abnormalities on cardiac tests.

Conclusions: We report categories of clinical questions that drive primary care provider cardiology eConsults. Multimorbidity leads to cardiology eConsults as primary care providers try to apply treatment guidelines in medically complex patients. Mild test abnormalities unrelated to clinical problems commonly lead to cardiology eConsult requests. Further research is needed to determine how guidelines can better account for multimorbidity, and how cardiologists can better communicate with primary care providers to put cardiac test results in clinical context.

Keywords: Referral and consultation; cardiology; primary healthcare.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram illustrates the qualitative analysis process including inductive analysis of 30 eConsults and deductive analysis of an additional 70 eConsults.

Figure 2.

Flow diagram Illustrates six themes and two subthemes that emerge from inductive and deductive analysis of 100 eConsults.