Moderate Beer Intake and Cardiovascular Health in Overweight Individuals

Abstract

Consistent epidemiological evidence indicates that low-to-moderate alcohol consumption is inversely associated with cardiovascular event presentation, while high levels of alcohol intake are associated to increased cardiovascular risk. Little is known on the effects of moderate beer intake in the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of moderate and regular daily intake of beer with meals in overweight (body mass index (BMI) of 28⁻29.9 kg/m²) or obese class 1 (BMI of 30⁻35 kg/m²) individuals without other cardiovascular risk factors (dyslipidemia, type 2-diabetes, hypertension) focusing on the effects related to changes in weight, in lipoproteins and vascular endothelial function. We have performed an open, prospective two-arms longitudinal crossover study to investigate the effects associated with regular consumption (four week) of alcohol-free-beer (0 g alcohol/day) or traditional-beer (30 g alcohol/day in men and 15 g alcohol/day in women) on anthropometrical and biochemical parameters, liver and kidney function biomarkers, and vascular endothelial function. After four-week intervention with traditional and/or alcohol-free beer, BMI did not show any significant change and values for liver and kidney functions were within the normal levels. Moderate traditional beer intake did not affect lipid levels-however it significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of high density lipoprotein (HDL). In addition, apoB-depleted serum (after the four-week intervention period) showed a higher potential to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Beer consumption did not induce vascular endothelial dysfunction or stiffness. In summary, our results based on a 12-week prospective study provide evidence that moderate intake of beer (traditional and alcohol-free) does not exert vascular detrimental effects nor increases body weight in obese healthy individuals. In contrast, moderate intake of beer increases the anti-oxidative properties of HDL and facilitates cholesterol efflux, which may prevent lipid deposition in the vessel wall.

Keywords: HDL-antioxidant-capacity; cardiovascular-risk-factors; cholesterol-efflux; endothelial-function; fermented-beverage; lipoprotein-oxidation; obesity; overweight.

Figure 1

Flow diagram describing the study design.

Figure 2

Effect of four-week intervention with alcohol-free and traditional beer on the susceptibility of plasma LDL to be oxidized. Values are given as change verses baseline for (A) maximal value for generated conjugate dienes, and (B) Vmax that conjugate dienes are generated. Bars refer to mean values and lines to standard error of the mean (SEM).

Figure 3

Effect of moderate beer consumption on HDL antioxidant capacity in subjects with overweight or obesity class-1. (A) Results are expressed as % of oxidized LDL referred to the value obtained in the absence of HDL. (B) Functional response of HDL to oxidative stress at individual level.