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Review
. 2017 Mar 17;2(1):CNC30.
doi: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0022. eCollection 2017 Mar.

Pathological vascular and inflammatory biomarkers of acute- and chronic-phase traumatic brain injury

Madeleine L Werhane  1   2   3   1   2   3 , Nicole D Evangelista  2   2 , Alexandra L Clark  1   2   3   1   2   3 , Scott F Sorg  2   3   2   3 , Katherine J Bangen  2   3   2   3 , My Tran  2   4   2   4 , Dawn M Schiehser  2   3   5   2   3   5 , Lisa Delano-Wood  2   3   5   2   3   5
Affiliations
Review

Pathological vascular and inflammatory biomarkers of acute- and chronic-phase traumatic brain injury

Madeleine L Werhane et al. Concussion. .

Abstract

Given the demand for developing objective methods for characterizing traumatic brain injury (TBI), research dedicated to evaluating putative biomarkers has burgeoned over the past decade. Since it is critical to elucidate the underlying pathological processes that underlie the higher diverse outcomes that follow neurotrauma, considerable efforts have been aimed at identifying biomarkers of both the acute- and chronic-phase TBI. Such information is not only critical for helping to elucidate the pathological changes that lead to poor long-term outcomes following TBI but it may also assist in the identification of possible prevention and interventions for individuals who sustain head trauma. In the current review, we discuss the potential role of vascular dysfunction and chronic inflammation in both acute- and chronic-phase TBI, and we also highlight existing studies that have investigated inflammation biomarkers associated with poorer injury outcome.

Keywords: TBI; Traumatic brain injury; acute TBI; biomarker; central inflammation; chronic TBI; head trauma; injury phase; neurotrauma; vascular dysfunction.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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