A cyclic AMP- and phorbol ester-inducible DNA element

Abstract

Many cellular processes are regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters which interact with cell-surface receptors to produce intracellular second messengers that activate protein kinases. Cyclic (c) AMP is a second messenger whose intracellular level is determined by receptor-mediated activation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Phorbol esters directly activate protein kinase C, a Ca2+ and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase and a component of a different second messenger system, the phosphatidylinositol pathway. Proenkephalin messenger RNA levels are regulated in response to cAMP analogues, activators of adenylate cyclase, nicotinic agonists and depolarization, suggesting that expression of the gene encoding proenkephalin is regulated by trans-synaptic events involving cell-surface-receptor activation. Here we report that cAMP analogues and activators of adenylate cyclase regulate a proenkephalin-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase fusion gene when transiently expressed in tissue culture cells. Phorbol ester regulates the fusion gene in a similar fashion, but requires the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for large effects. The DNA sequences required for regulation by both cAMP and phorbol ester map to the same 37-base pair (bp) region located 107-71 bp 5' to the mRNA cap site of the proenkephalin gene. This highly conserved region is composed of three closely related 12-bp sequences and has properties similar to those of previously characterized transcriptional enhancers.