Do Progestin-Only Contraceptives Contribute to the Risk of Developing Depression as Implied by Beta-Arrestin 1 Levels in Leukocytes? A Pilot Study

Abstract

We reported previously that reduction in beta-arrestin 1 (β-AR 1) protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMC) significantly correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms in reproductive women. In this pilot study, we used β-AR 1 protein levels in PBMC as a marker for developing depressive symptoms and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores to assess potential mood-related side effects of oral contraceptive use for routine birth control among women. We evaluated 29 women in this study. We enrolled the participants in three groups: Estrogen-progestin combination-oral contraceptives (COC, n = 10), progestin-only contraceptives (POC, n = 12), and non-hormonal or no contraceptives (NC, n = 7). We determined the β-AR 1 protein levels in PBMCs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that women in the POC group had significantly higher HAM-D scores compared to those in the COC (p < 0.0004) and NC (p < 0.004). The levels of β-AR 1 protein were significantly attenuated in women in the POC group compared to women in the NC group (p = 0.03). Our findings suggest that the use of POC is a potential risk factor for developing depressive symptoms.

Keywords: beta-arrestin 1; combination-oral contraceptives; depression; mononuclear leukocytes; progestin-only contraceptives; women.

Figure 1

The HAM-D scores (mean ± SEM) among women using non-hormonal or no contraceptives (NC), estrogen-progestin combination-oral contraceptives (COC), and progestin-only contraceptives (POC) were compared. Data are expressed as percentages of values for women in the NC group. Women in the POC group scored significantly higher on HAM-D than women in the NC group (p < 0.004) or women in the COC group (p < 0.0004). There was no significant difference in the HAM-D score between NC and COC women (p = 0.42).

Figure 2

The β-arrestin 1 protein levels (mean ± SEM) in the leukocytes were compared among women using non-hormonal or no contraceptives (NC), estrogen-progestin combination-oral contraceptives (COC), and progestin-only contraceptives (POC). Data are expressed as percentages of values for women in the NC group. The β-arrestin1 (ng/mg) levels were significantly attenuated in women in the POC group, compared to women in the NC group (p < 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in the β-AR 1 levels between women in the NC group and those in the COC group, and between women in the COC group and those in the POC group.