Three-way comparative study of endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural gallbladder drainage using lumen-apposing metal stents versus endoscopic transpapillary drainage versus percutaneous cholecystostomy for gallbladder drainage in high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis: clinical outcomes and success in an International, Multicenter Study

Abstract

Background: Percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PTGBD), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with transpapillary gallbladder drainage (TP), and endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural gallbladder drainage (EGBD) using lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) have been offered for gallbladder decompression for acute cholecystitis in high-risk surgical patients. Yet, there are limited data comparing these therapies. Our aim was to compare the safety and efficacy of EGBD to TP and PTGBD for gallbladder drainage.

Methods: We retrospectively collected high-risk surgical patients from six centers with acute cholecystitis who underwent gallbladder drainage by EGBD, TP, or PTGBD. Data included technical success (gallbladder drainage), clinical success (acute cholecystitis resolution), adverse events (AE), and follow-up.

Results: From 2010 to 2016, 372 patients underwent gallbladder drainage, with 146 by PTGBD, 124 by TP, and 102 drained by EGBD. Technical (98% vs. 88% vs. 94%; p = 0.004) and Clinical (97% vs. 90% vs. 80%; p < 0.001) success rates were significantly higher with PTGBD and EGBD compared to TP. PTGBD group had statistically significantly higher number of complications as compared to EGBD and TP groups (2 0% vs. 2% vs. 5%; p = 0.01). Mean hospital stay in the EGBD group was significantly less than TP and PTGBD (16 vs. 18 vs. 19 days; p = 0.01), while additional surgical intervention was significantly higher in the PTGBD group compared to the EGBD and TP groups (49% vs. 4% vs. 11%; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: EGBD with LAMS is an effective and safer alternative to TP and PTGBD for treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis who cannot undergo surgery. EGBD with LAMS has significantly lower overall AEs, hospital stay, and unplanned admissions compared to PTGBD.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01522573.

Keywords: Cholecystitis; Cholecystostomy; EGBD; ERCP; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural gallbladder drainage; Gallbladder drainage; LAMS; PTGBD; Transpapillary gallbladder drainage.