Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 Sep;32(6):583-594.
doi: 10.1037/adb0000392.

Affect, craving, and cognition: An EMA study of ad libitum adolescent smoking

Robert D Dvorak  1 , Andrew J Waters  2 , Jessica M MacIntyre  2 , Chad J Gwaltney  3
Affiliations

Affect, craving, and cognition: An EMA study of ad libitum adolescent smoking

Robert D Dvorak et al. Psychol Addict Behav. 2018 Sep.

Abstract

Reducing smoking among adolescents is a public health priority. Affect, craving, and cognitive processes have been identified as predictors of smoking in adolescents. The current study examined associations between implicit attitude for smoking (assessed via the positive-negative valence implicit association test) and affect, craving, and smoking assessed using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Adolescent smokers (n = 154; Mage = 16.57, SD = 1.12) completed a laboratory assessment of implicit smoking attitudes and carried a palm-top computer for several days while smoking ad libitum. During EMA, they recorded affect, craving, and smoking behavior. Data were analyzed using a multilevel path analysis. At the between-subjects level, more positive implicit smoking attitude was indirectly associated with smoking rate via craving. This association was moderated by positive affect, such that it was stronger for those with greater traitlike positive affect. At the event (within-subject) level, implicit attitude potentiated associations between stress and craving and between positive affect and craving. Individuals with a more positive implicit attitude exhibited more robust indirect associations between momentary stress-positive affect and smoking. In sum, a more positive implicit attitude to smoking was associated with overall levels of craving and smoking and might have potentiated momentary affect-craving associations. Interventions that modify implicit attitude may be an approach for reducing adolescent smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Multilevel path model of smoking behavior at the subject (level 2) and event (level 1) level Note. Age and gender were added as covariates on all between-subjects variables, however, are omitted above for clarity. *p < .05
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Simple slopes of between-subjects cigarette craving on implicit smoking attitudes as a function of high and low levels of between-subjects positive affect.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Simple slopes of momentary cigarette craving on momentary stress as a function of implicit smoking attitudes.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Simple slopes of momentary smoking likelihood on positive affect as a function of implicit smoking attitudes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ames SL, Xie B, Shono Y, & Stacy AW (2017). Adolescents at risk for drug abuse: A 3-year dual-process analysis. Addiction, 112(5), 852–863. doi:10.1111/add.13742 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Baker TB, Morse E, & Sherman JE (1987). The motivation to use drugs: A psychobiological analysis of urges In Rivers PC (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 34. Alcohol and Addictive Behavior (pp. 257–323). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska University Press. - PubMed
    1. Bongers P, Jansen A, Houben K, & Roefs A (2013). Happy eating: The Single Target Implicit Association Test predicts overeating after positive emotions. Eating Behaviors, 14(3), 348–355. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.06.007 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Brandon TH, Vidrine JI, & Litvin EB (2007). Relapse and relapse prevention. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 257–284. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091455 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bruyneel SD, Dewitte S, Franses PH, & Dekimpe MG (2009). I felt low and my purse feels light: Depleting mood regulation attempts affect risk decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(2), 153–170.