Repeatability of Dixon magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantitative muscle fat assessments in the thigh

Abstract

Background: Changes in muscle fat composition as for example observed in sarcopenia or muscular dystrophy affect physical performance and muscular function, like strength and power. The purpose of the present study is to measure the repeatability of Dixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing muscle volume and fat in the thigh. Furthermore, repeatability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for assessing muscle fat is determined.

Methods: A prototype 6-point Dixon MRI method was used to measure muscle volume and muscle proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in the left thigh. PDFF was measured in musculus semitendinosus of the left thigh with a T2-corrected multi-echo MRS method. For the determination of short-term repeatability (consecutive examinations), the root mean square coefficients of variation of Dixon MRI and MRS data of 23 young and healthy (29 ± 5 years) and 24 elderly men with sarcopenia (78 ± 5 years) were calculated. For the estimation of the long-term repeatability (13 weeks between examinations), the root mean square coefficients of variation of MRI data of seven young and healthy (31 ± 7 years) and 23 elderly sarcopenic men (76 ± 5 years) were calculated. Long-term repeatability of MRS was not determined.

Results: Short-term errors of Dixon MRI volume measurement were between 1.2% and 1.5%, between 2.1% and 1.6% for Dixon MRI PDFF measurement, and between 9.0% and 15.3% for MRS. Because of the high short-term repeatability errors of MRS, long-term errors were not determined. Long-term errors of MRI volume measurement were between 1.9% and 4.0% and of Dixon MRI PDFF measurement between 2.1% and 4.2%.

Conclusions: The high degree of repeatability of volume and PDFF Dixon MRI supports its use to predict future mobility impairment and measures the success of therapeutic interventions, for example, in sarcopenia in aging populations and muscular dystrophy. Because of possible inhomogeneity of fat infiltration in muscle tissue, the application of MRS for PDFF measurements in muscle is more problematic because this may result in high repeatability errors. In addition, the tissue composition within the MRS voxel may not be representative for the whole muscle.

Keywords: Fat quantification; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Muscle; Repeatability; Sarcopenia.

Figure 1

(A) T1w, (B) Dixon fat, and (C) Dixon proton density fat fraction images of an elderly subject (74 years, G2 and G4).

Figure 2

Position of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) voxel (A) before and (B) after subject repositioning in the subject shown in Figure 1. The two images demonstrate the challenge to reposition subject and MRS voxel. Muscle is elastic and easily deforms during repositioning. An inhomogeneous fat infiltration as shown here further complicates exact repositioning.

Figure 3

Dixon proton density fat fraction maps of the (A) first (M1) and (B) second (M2) measurement as well as (C) the (M4) after 13 weeks with the corresponding segmentation masks of the subject shown in Figure 1.