Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2018 Sep 15;10(9):502.
doi: 10.3390/v10090502.

Acute Phase Protein Levels as An Auxiliary Tool in Diagnosing Viral Diseases in Ruminants-A Review

Daria Reczyńska  1 , Magdalena Zalewska  2 , Michał Czopowicz  3 , Jarosław Kaba  4 , Lech Zwierzchowski  5 , Emilia Bagnicka  6
Affiliations
Review

Acute Phase Protein Levels as An Auxiliary Tool in Diagnosing Viral Diseases in Ruminants-A Review

Daria Reczyńska et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

We examined acute phase protein (APP) concentrations in viral infections of dairy ruminants and assessed the potential role of characteristic patterns of APP changes in auxiliary diagnosing viral diseases. All viruses reviewed are common causes of farm animal diseases. APPs are among the first agents of immunity, and their concentrations could be diagnostically relevant. In the most common ruminant viral diseases, elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) levels in blood serum have been observed. However, since these proteins are the main APPs in many viral infections, it is impossible to use their levels for diagnosing particular infections. Decreased Cp and albumin expression could help differentiate the bluetongue virus infection from other diseases. Lastly, analysis of SAA levels in blood serum and milk could be helpful in diagnosing small ruminant lentivirus infection. While promising, APP levels can only be considered as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing viral diseases in ruminants.

Keywords: acute phase protein; dairy ruminant; viral infection.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Philipsson J. Breeding for animal health—The Scandinavian experience; Proceedings of the International Conference on Ethics and Animal Welfare, Relationships between Human and Animals; Stockholm, Sweden. 29–30 May 2001.
    1. Eckersall P.D. Recent advantages and future prospects for the use of acute phase proteins as markers of disease in animals. Revue Med. Vet. 2000;151:577–584.
    1. Debenedicits C., Joubeh S., Zhang G., Barria M., Ghohestani R.F. Immune functions of the skin. Clin. Dermatol. 2001;19:573–585. doi: 10.1016/S0738-081X(00)00173-5. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gómez-Laguna J., Salguero F.J., Pallarés F.J., Rodriguez-Gómez I.M., Barranco I., Carrasco L. Acute Phase Proteins As Early Non-Specific Biomarkers of Human and Veterinary Diseases. Intech-Ics AG; Wallenwil, Switzerland: 2011. Acute phase proteins as biomarkers in animal health and welfare.
    1. Eckersall P.D., Bell R. Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Vet. J. 2010;185:23–27. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.009. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types