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. 2018 Sep 16;16(9):337.
doi: 10.3390/md16090337.

Isolation, Characterization, and Pharmaceutical Applications of an Exopolysaccharide from Aerococcus Uriaeequi

Chunlei Wang  1 , Qiuping Fan  2 , Xiaofei Zhang  3 , Xiaoping Lu  4 , Yanrui Xu  5 , Wenxing Zhu  6 , Jie Zhang  7 , Wen Hao  8   9 , Lujiang Hao  10
Affiliations

Isolation, Characterization, and Pharmaceutical Applications of an Exopolysaccharide from Aerococcus Uriaeequi

Chunlei Wang et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Many marine bacteria secrete exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which are made up of a substantial component of the macro-molecules surrounding cells. Recently, the wide demand for EPSs for food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other applications has led to great interest in them. In this study, an EPS produced by marine bacteria Aerococcus uriaeequi HZ strains (EPS-A) was isolated and purified to examine its structure and biological function. The molecular weight of EPS-A analyzed by high-performance liquid gel filtration chromatography (HPGFC) is found to have a number average of 2.22 × 10⁵ and weight average of 2.84 × 10⁵, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform⁻infrared (FT⁻IR) analysis indicate that EPS-A was a polysaccharide composed of glucose and a little mannose. In addition, the flocculating rate of sewage of EPS-A was 79.90%. The hygroscopicity studies showed that hygroscopicity of EPS-A was higher than chitosan but lower than that of sodium hyaluronate. The moisture retention of EPS-A showed similar retention activity to both chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. EPS-A also can scavenge free radicals including both OH• free radical and O₂•- free radical and the activity to O₂•- free radical is similar to vitamin C. Safety assessment on mice indicated that the EPS-A is safe for external use and oral administration. EPS-A has great potential for applications in medicine due to its characteristics mentioned above.

Keywords: EPS-A; marine bacteria; oxidation resistance; sewage flocculation; structural analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Purification of EPS-A. (A) Mw distribution of EPS-A determination by high-performance liquid gel permeation chromatography (HPGFC). HPGFC was performed using a Shodex SB-806HQ column in 0.2 M NaCl solution with 0.5 mL/min flow rate. (B) Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrum of EPS-A. The absorbance from 200–500 nm was measured in H2O at room temperature.
Figure 2
Figure 2
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms of seven PMP-labeled standard monosaccharides (A) and PMP-labeled monosaccharides released from EPS-A (B). Peaks: 1. D-Mannose; 2. D-Rhamnose; 3. D-Glucuronic acid; 4. D-Galacturonic acid; 5. D-Glucose; 6. D-Galactose;7. d-Xylose.
Figure 2
Figure 2
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms of seven PMP-labeled standard monosaccharides (A) and PMP-labeled monosaccharides released from EPS-A (B). Peaks: 1. D-Mannose; 2. D-Rhamnose; 3. D-Glucuronic acid; 4. D-Galacturonic acid; 5. D-Glucose; 6. D-Galactose;7. d-Xylose.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FT-IR spectra of EPS-A. Dried polysaccharides were ground and pelletized with KBr. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum of EPS-A was recorded with a spectrophotometer from 500–4000 cm.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Sewage flocculation assay of EPS-A. 0.2 g EPS was added l00 mL sewage and incubated for 1 h. The function of sewage flocculation was measured at 550 nm by a spectrophotometer.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Moisture-absorption and retention activity of EPS-A. (A) Hygroscopic activity assay of EPS-A. Hygroscopic activity of EPS-A was determined by measuring the increased weight of absorbing H2O by EPS-A. Chitosan and sodium hyaluronate were used as controls. The value obtained at 50 h by sodium hyaluronate was set 100%. (B) Moisture retention activity assay of EPS-A. Moisture retention of EPS-A was determined by measuring the reserved weight of H2O by EPS-A. Chitosan and sodium hyaluronate were used as controls. And the value at the beginning was set 100%.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Free radical scavenging activity of EPS-A. A OH• free radical scavenging activity of EPS-A. The scavenging activity to OH• of different concentration EPS was determined by removing OH• generated by FeSO4 and H2O2. Vitamin C was used as a control and the activity of 100 µg/mL vitamin C was set 100%. B O2•− free radical scavenging activity of EPS-A. The scavenging activity to O2•− of different concentration EPS-A was determined by removing O2•− generated from pyrogallol. Vitamin C was used as a control and the activity of 100 µg/mL Vitamin C was set 100%.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effect of EPS-A on the body weight (A) and splenic indices (B) of mice in a 14-day feeding test.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic diagram of EPS-A with the potential advantages (e.g., Sewage flocculation, Hygroscopic activity, Moisture retention, •OH free radical scavenging, O2− • free radicals scavenging). The safety assessment will be performed on mice.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Standard curve of HPGPC-PSS series of standard samples.
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