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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Sep 19;9(9):CD010192.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010192.pub3.

Interventions for promoting habitual exercise in people living with and beyond cancer

Rebecca R Turner  1 , Liz Steed, Helen Quirk, Rosa U Greasley, John M Saxton, Stephanie Jc Taylor, Derek J Rosario, Mohamed A Thaha, Liam Bourke
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for promoting habitual exercise in people living with and beyond cancer

Rebecca R Turner et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in the Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 9. Despite good evidence for the health benefits of regular exercise for people living with or beyond cancer, understanding how to promote sustainable exercise behaviour change in sedentary cancer survivors, particularly over the long term, is not as well understood. A large majority of people living with or recovering from cancer do not meet current exercise recommendations. Hence, reviewing the evidence on how to promote and sustain exercise behaviour is important for understanding the most effective strategies to ensure benefit in the patient population and identify research gaps.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions designed to promote exercise behaviour in sedentary people living with and beyond cancer and to address the following secondary questions: Which interventions are most effective in improving aerobic fitness and skeletal muscle strength and endurance? Which interventions are most effective in improving exercise behaviour amongst patients with different cancers? Which interventions are most likely to promote long-term (12 months or longer) exercise behaviour? What frequency of contact with exercise professionals and/or healthcare professionals is associated with increased exercise behaviour? What theoretical basis is most often associated with better behavioural outcomes? What behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are most often associated with increased exercise behaviour? What adverse effects are attributed to different exercise interventions?

Search methods: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We updated our 2013 Cochrane systematic review by updating the searches of the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, PsycLIT/PsycINFO, SportDiscus and PEDro up to May 2018. We also searched the grey literature, trial registries, wrote to leading experts in the field and searched reference lists of included studies and other related recent systematic reviews.

Selection criteria: We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared an exercise intervention with usual care or 'waiting list' control in sedentary people over the age of 18 with a homogenous primary cancer diagnosis.

Data collection and analysis: In the update, review authors independently screened all titles and abstracts to identify studies that might meet the inclusion criteria, or that could not be safely excluded without assessment of the full text (e.g. when no abstract is available). We extracted data from all eligible papers with at least two members of the author team working independently (RT, LS and RG). We coded BCTs according to the CALO-RE taxonomy. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane's tool for assessing risk of bias. When possible, and if appropriate, we performed a fixed-effect meta-analysis of study outcomes. If statistical heterogeneity was noted, a meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. For continuous outcomes (e.g. cardiorespiratory fitness), we extracted the final value, the standard deviation (SD) of the outcome of interest and the number of participants assessed at follow-up in each treatment arm, to estimate the standardised mean difference (SMD) between treatment arms. SMD was used, as investigators used heterogeneous methods to assess individual outcomes. If a meta-analysis was not possible or was not appropriate, we narratively synthesised studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach with the GRADE profiler.

Main results: We included 23 studies in this review, involving a total of 1372 participants (an addition of 10 studies, 724 participants from the original review); 227 full texts were screened in the update and 377 full texts were screened in the original review leaving 35 publications from a total of 23 unique studies included in the review. We planned to include all cancers, but only studies involving breast, prostate, colorectal and lung cancer met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies incorporated a target level of exercise that could meet current recommendations for moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (i.e.150 minutes per week); or resistance exercise (i.e. strength training exercises at least two days per week).Adherence to exercise interventions, which is crucial for understanding treatment dose, is still reported inconsistently. Eight studies reported intervention adherence of 75% or greater to an exercise prescription that met current guidelines. These studies all included a component of supervision: in our analysis of BCTs we designated these studies as 'Tier 1 trials'. Six studies reported intervention adherence of 75% or greater to an aerobic exercise goal that was less than the current guideline recommendations: in our analysis of BCTs we designated these studies as 'Tier 2 trials.' A hierarchy of BCTs was developed for Tier 1 and Tier 2 trials, with programme goal setting, setting of graded tasks and instruction of how to perform behaviour being amongst the most frequent BCTs. Despite the uncertainty surrounding adherence in some of the included studies, interventions resulted in improvements in aerobic exercise tolerance at eight to 12 weeks (SMD 0.54, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.70; 604 participants, 10 studies; low-quality evidence) versus usual care. At six months, aerobic exercise tolerance was also improved (SMD 0.56, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.72; 591 participants; 7 studies; low-quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: Since the last version of this review, none of the new relevant studies have provided additional information to change the conclusions. We have found some improved understanding of how to encourage previously inactive cancer survivors to achieve international physical activity guidelines. Goal setting, setting of graded tasks and instruction of how to perform behaviour, feature in interventions that meet recommendations targets and report adherence of 75% or more. However, long-term follow-up data are still limited, and the majority of studies are in white women with breast cancer. There are still a considerable number of published studies with numerous and varied issues related to high risk of bias and poor reporting standards. Additionally, the meta-analyses were often graded as consisting of low- to very low-certainty evidence. A very small number of serious adverse effects were reported amongst the studies, providing reassurance exercise is safe for this population.

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Conflict of interest statement

Rebecca Turner: Liz Steed: None known Helen Quirk: None known Rosa Greasley: None known John Saxton: None known Stephanie Taylor: None known Derek Rosario: None known Mohamed Thaha: None known Liam Bourke: received honoraria for lecturing from Sanofi and Astellas and research funding from the NIHR and CRUK.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: 8 to 12 weeks of follow‐up).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 2 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: 8 to 12 weeks of follow‐up sensitivity analysis).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 3 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: 6 months of follow‐up).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 4 Aerobic exercise tolerance (breast cancer: 8‐12 weeks of follow‐up).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 5 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: combination of supervised and home‐based exercise: 8 to 12 weeks of follow‐up).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 6 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: home‐based exercise: 8 to 12 weeks of follow‐up).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 7 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers:supervised exercise: 8 to 12 weeks of follow‐up).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 8 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: undergoing active treatment: 8 to 12 weeks follow‐up).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Aerobic exercise tolerance, Outcome 9 Aerobic exercise tolerance (all cancers: no active treatment: 8 to 12 weeks follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength tests (all cancers), Outcome 1 Strength tests (all cancers, 12 weeks of follow‐up).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength tests (all cancers), Outcome 2 Strength tests (all cancers: 12 weeks of follow‐up: sensitivity analysis).
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References

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Casla 2015 {published data only}
    1. Casla S, Lopez‐Tarruella S, Jerez Y, Marquez‐Rodas I, Galvao DA, Newton RU, et al. Supervised physical exercise improves VO2max, quality of life, and health in early stage breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2015;153(2):371‐82. - PubMed
Cerulli 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cerulli C, Minganti C, Santis C, Tranchita E, Quaranta F, Parisi A. Therapeutic horseback riding in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) 2014;20(8):632‐9. - PubMed
Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chen HM, Tsai CM, Wu YC, Lin KC, Lin CC. Randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of home‐based walking exercise on anxiety, depression and cancer‐related symptoms in patients with lung cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2015;112:438‐45. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chen HM, Tsai CM, Wu YC, Lin KC, Lin CC. Effect of walking on circadian rhythms and sleep quality of patients with lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Cancer 2016;115(11):1304‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Cho 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cho OH, Yoo YS, Kim NC. Efficacy of comprehensive group rehabilitation for women with early breast cancer in South Korea. Nursing and Health Sciences 2006;8:140‐6. - PubMed
Christensen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Christensen JF, Jones LW, Tolver A, Jørgensen LW, Andersen JL, Adamsen L, et al. Safety and efficacy of resistance training in germ cell cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Cancer 2014;111(1):8‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Chuang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chuang TY, Yeh ML, Chung YC. A nurse facilitated mind‐body interactive exercise (Chan‐Chuang qigong) improves the health status of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy: randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2017;69:25‐33. - PubMed
Coleman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Coleman EA, Hall‐Barrow J, Coon S, Stewart CB. Facilitating exercise adherence for patients with multiple myeloma. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 2003;7:529‐34. - PubMed
Cornette 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cornette T, Vincent F, Mandigout S, Antonini MT, Leobon S, Labrunie A, et al. Effects of home‐based exercise training on VO2 in breast cancer patients under adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SAPA): a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;52(2):223‐32. - PubMed
Cornie 2013a {published data only}
    1. Cormie P, Newton R, Spry N, Joseph D, Taaffe DR, Galvao DA. Safety and efficacy of resistance exercise in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. Prostate Cancer & Prostatic Diseases 2013;16(4):328‐35. - PubMed
Cornie 2013b {published data only}
    1. Cormie P, Newton RU, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Akhlil Hamid M, et al. Exercise maintains sexual activity in men undergoing androgen suppression for prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer & Prostatic Diseases 2013;16(2):170‐5. - PubMed
Cornie 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cormie P, Chambers SK, Newton RU, Gardiner RA, Spry N, Taaffe DR, et al. Improving sexual health in men with prostate cancer: randomised controlled trial of exercise and psychosexual therapies. BMC Cancer 2014;14(1):14‐199. - PMC - PubMed
Cornie 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cormie P, Galvao DA, Spry N, Joseph D, Chee R, Taaffe DR, et al. Can supervised exercise prevent treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer initiating androgen‐deprivation therapy: a randomised controlled trial. BJU International 2015;115(2):256‐66. - PubMed
Courneya 2012 {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Sellar CM, Trinh L, Forbes CC, Stevinson C, McNeely ML, et al. A randomized trial of aerobic exercise and sleep quality in lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy or no treatments. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2012;21(6):887‐94. - PubMed
Courneya 2013 {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Forbes CC, Trinh L, Sellar CM, Friedenreich CM, Reiman T. Patient satisfaction with participation in a randomized exercise trial: effects of randomization and a usual care posttrial exercise program. Clinical Trials (London, England) 2013;10(6):959‐66. - PubMed
Courneya 2014a {published data only}
    1. Courneya K, Segal R, Mackey J, Gelmon K, Friedenreich C, Yasui Y, et al. Effects of exercise dose and type on sleep quality during breast cancer chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized trial. Psycho‐Oncology 2014;23:57‐8. - PubMed
Courneya 2014b {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, Dong H, Gelmon K, Friedenreich CM, et al. Effects of exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy on breast cancer outcomes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2014;46(9):1744‐51. - PubMed
Courneya 2015 {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM, Franco‐Villalobos C, Crawford JJ, Chua N, Basi S, et al. Effects of supervised exercise on progression‐free survival in lymphoma patients: an exploratory follow‐up of the HELP Trial. Cancer Causes & Control 2015;26(2):269‐72. - PubMed
Courneya 2016a {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Vardy JL, O'Callaghan CJ, Friedenreich CM, Campbell KL, Prapavessis H, et al. Effects of a structured exercise program on physical activity and fitness in colon cancer survivors: one year feasibility results from the CHALLENGE trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2016;25(6):969‐77. - PubMed
Courneya 2016b {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Segal RJ, Vallerand JR, Forbes CC, Crawford JJ, Dolan LB, et al. Motivation for different types and doses of exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2016;50(4):554‐63. - PubMed
Culos Reed 2010 {published data only}
    1. Culos‐Reed SN, Robinson JW, Lau H, Stephenson L, Keats M, Norris S, et al. Physical activity for men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: benefits from a 16‐week intervention. Supportive Care in Cancer 2010;18:591‐9. - PubMed
Danhauer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Danhauer SC, Mihalko SL, Russell GB, Campbell CR, Felder L, Daley K, et al. Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: finding from a randomized pilot study. Psycho‐Oncology 2009;18:360‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Daubenmier 2006 {published data only}
    1. Daubenmier JJ, Weidner G, Marlin R, Crutchfield L, Dunn‐Emke S, Chi C, et al. Lifestyle and health‐related quality of life of men with prostate cancer managed with active surveillance. Urology 2006;67:125‐30. - PubMed
De Jesus 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jesus S, Fitzgeorge L, Massel D, Prapavessis H, Sanatani M, Suskin, et al. Community‐based exercise intervention for oncology patients suffering from fatigue: effects on symptoms, psychosocial health, aerobic fitness and body composition: a pilot study. Psycho‐Oncology 2013;22:48.
Demark‐Wahnefried 2015 {published data only}
    1. Demark‐Wahnefried W, Colditz GA, Rock CL, Sedjo RL, Liu J, Wolin KY, et al. Quality of life outcomes from the Exercise and Nutrition Enhance Recovery and Good health for You (ENERGY) ‐ randomized weight loss trial among breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2015;154(2):329‐37. - PMC - PubMed
DeNysschen 2011 {published data only}
    1. DeNysschen CA, Brown JK, Cho MH, Dodd MJ. Nutritional symptom and body composition outcomes of aerobic exercise in women with breast cancer. Clinical Nursing Research 2011;20:29‐46. - PubMed
Dieli‐Conwright 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dieli‐Conwright CM, Mortimer JE, Schroeder ET, Courneya K, Demark‐Wahnefried W, Buchanan TA, et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of combined progressive exercise on metabolic syndrome in breast cancer survivors: rationale, design, and methods. BMC Cancer 2014;14(1):doi: 10.1186/1471‐2407‐14‐238. - PMC - PubMed
Dieperink 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dieperink KB, Johansen C, Hansen S, Wagner LK, Andersen K, Minet LR, et al. Male coping through a long‐term cancer trajectory. Secondary outcomes from a RTC examining the effect of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program (RePCa) among radiated men with prostate cancer. Acta Oncologica 2017;56(2):254‐61. - PubMed
Diepold 2016 {published data only}
    1. Diepold C, Wiskemann J, Hummler S, Steins M, Thomas M. Physical exercise program in non‐operable lung cancer patients undergoing palliative treatment‐preliminary report of recruitment rates and feasibility of the POSITIVE study (part III). Oncology Research and Treatment 2016;16:10.1186/s12885‐016‐2561‐1. - PMC - PubMed
Do 2015 {published data only}
    1. Do J, Cho Y, Jeon J. Effects of a 4‐week multimodal rehabilitation program on quality of life, cardiopulmonary function, and fatigue in breast cancer patients. Journal of Breast Cancer 2015;18(1):87‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Dolan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dolan LB, Gelmon K, Courneya KS, Mackey JR, Segal RJ, Lane K, et al. Hemoglobin and aerobic fitness changes with supervised exercise training in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2010;19:2826‐32. - PubMed
Dolan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dolan LB, Campbell K, Neil S, McKenzie D. The influence of exercise intensity on health‐related outcomes in breast cancer survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014;95(10):E43‐4.
Dolan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dolan LB, Campbell K, Gelmon K, Neil‐Sztramko S, Holmes D, McKenzie DC. Interval versus continuous aerobic exercise training in breast cancer survivors ‐ a pilot RCT. Supportive Care in Cancer 2016;24(1):119‐27. - PubMed
Donmez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Donmez A, ArikanKapucu Sevgisun RTY. The effectiveness of a clinical and home‐based physical activity program and simple lymphatic drainage in the prevention of breast cancer‐related lymphedema: a prospective randomized controlled study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2017;31:12‐21. - PubMed
Donnelly 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Donnelly CM, Blaney JM, Lowe‐Strong A, Rankin JP, Campbell A, McCrum‐Gardner E, et al. A randomised controlled trial testing the feasibility and efficacy of a physical activity behavioural change intervention in managing fatigue with gynaecological cancer survivors. Gynecologic Oncology 2011;122:618‐24. - PubMed
Edvarsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Edvardsen E, Skjønsberg OH, Holme I, Nordsletten L, Borchsenius F, Anderssen SA. High‐intensity training following lung cancer surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2015;70(3):244‐50. - PubMed
Emslie 2007 {published data only}
    1. Emslie C, Whyte F, Campbell A, Mutrie N, Lee L, Ritchie D, et al. 'I wouldn't have been interested in just sitting round a table talking about cancer'; exploring the experiences of women with breast cancer in a group exercise trial. Health Education Research 2007;22:827‐38. - PubMed
Eriksen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Eriksen AK, Hansen RD, Larsen RG, Jensen JM, Overgaard K, Borre M, et al. A lifestyle intervention among elderly men on active surveillance for non‐aggressive prostate cancer: a randomised feasibility study with whole‐grain rye and exercise. Trials 2017;18(20):doi: 10.1186/s13063‐016‐1734‐1. - PMC - PubMed
Fan‐Ko 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fan‐Ko S, Chao‐Ming H, YuChun Y, Chu‐Yun L, Chun‐Ying C. The effects of muscle relaxation and therapeutic walking on depression, suicidal ideation, and quality of life in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Nursing 2017;40:E39‐48. - PubMed
Fernandez‐Lao 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fernández‐Lao C, Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernández‐de‐Las‐Peñas C, Moral‐Ávila R, Castro‐Sánchez AM, Arroyo‐Morales M. Effectiveness of a multidimensional physical therapy program on pain, pressure hypersensitivity, and trigger points in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 2012;28:113‐21. - PubMed
Fields 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fields J, Richardson A, Fenlon D. Nordic walking as a physical activity intervention for aromatase inhibitor associated arthralgia: a feasibility study. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2015;41(6):s76‐7.
Fields 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fields J, Richardson A, Hopkinson J, Fenlon D. Nordic walking as an exercise intervention to reduce pain in women with aromatase inhibitor‐associated arthralgia: a feasibility study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2017;52(4):548‐59. - PubMed
Forbes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Forbes CC, Blanchard CM, Mummery K, Courneya K. A pilot study on the motivational effects of an internet‐delivered physical activity behaviour change programme in Nova Scotian cancer survivors. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2017;32(2):234‐52. - PubMed
Frattaroli 2008 {published data only}
    1. Frattaroli J, Weidner G, Dnistrian AM, Kemp C, Daubenmier JJ, Marlin RO, et al. Clinical events in prostate cancer lifestyle trial: results from two years of follow‐up. Urology 2008;72:1319‐23. - PubMed
Friedenrich 2016 {published data only}
    1. Friedenreich CM, Pialoux V, Wang Q, Shaw E, Brenner DR, Waltz X, et al. Effects of exercise on markers of oxidative stress: an ancillary analysis of the Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention trial [with consumer summary]. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2016;2(1):e000171. - PMC - PubMed
Furzer 2016 {published data only}
    1. Furzer BJ, Ackland TR, Wallman KE, Petterson AS, Gordon SM, Wright KE, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of a 12‐week supervised exercise versus usual care on outcomes in haematological cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer 2016;24(4):1697‐707. - PubMed
Galiano‐Castillo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Galiano‐Castillo N, Arroyo‐Morales M, Fernandez‐Lao C, Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Lozano‐Lozano M, Martin‐Martin L, et al. Effect of an Internet‐based telehealth system on functional capacity and cognition in breast cancer survivors: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2017;25(11):3351‐559. - PubMed
Galvão 2010 {published data only}
    1. Galvão DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Newton RU. Combined resistance and aerobic exercise program reverses muscle loss in men undergoing androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer without bone metastases: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010;28:340‐7. - PubMed
Galvão 2011 {published data only}
    1. Galvão DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Newton RU. Acute versus chronic exposure to androgen suppression for prostate cancer: impact on the exercise response. Journal of Urology 2011;186:1291‐7. - PubMed
Galvão 2017 {published data only}
    1. Galvao DA, Newton RU, Girgis A, Lepore SJ, Stiller A, Mihalopoulos C, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a peer led multimodal intervention for men with prostate cancer to increase exercise participation. Psycho‐Oncology 2017;27(1):199‐207. - PubMed
Gaskin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gaskin CJ, Fraser SF, Owen PJ, Craike M, Orellana L, Livingston PM. Fitness outcomes from a randomised controlled trial of exercise training for men with prostate cancer: the ENGAGE study. Journal of Cancer Survivorship 2016;10(6):972‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Gehring 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gehring K, Stuiver M, Rutten GJ, Taphoorn M, Aaronson N, Sitskoorn M. A pilot RCT on the efficacy of home‐based exercise to improve cognitive functioning in grade II and III glioma patients. Neuro‐Oncology 2014;16:v185.
Gehring 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gehring K, Stuiver M, Rutten GJ, Taphoorn M, Aaronson N, Sitskoorn M. A pilot RCT on the efficacy of E‐health supported physical exercise to improve cognitive functioning in glioma patients. Neuro‐oncology 2015;17:v146‐7.
Gehring 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gehring K, Kloek C, Aaronson NK, Janssen KW, Jones LW, Sitskoorn MM, et al. Feasibility of a home‐based exercise intervention with remote guidance for patients with stable grade II and III gliomas: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2018;32(8):352‐66. - PMC - PubMed
Gerland 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gerland L, Frisse S, Latta S, Bloch W, Harbeck N, Baumann FT. Evaluation of the impact of a 3‐month strength training on strength parameters, EMG and oxidative stress of breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 2012;1:133‐8.
Giallauria 2014 {published data only}
    1. Giallauria F, Gentile M, Chiodini P, Mattiello A, Maresca L, Vitelli A, et al. Exercise training reduces high mobility group box‐1 levels in women with breast cancer: the DIANA (diet and androgens)‐5 project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2014;21(1):61‐7. - PubMed
Gokal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gokal K, Wallis D, Ahmed S, Boiangiu I, Kancherla K, Munir F. Effects of a self‐managed home‐based walking intervention on psychosocial health outcomes for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomised controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2016;24(3):1139. - PubMed
Gómez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gómez AM, Martínez C, Fiuza‐Luces C, Herrero F, Pérez M, Madero L, et al. Exercise training and cytokines in breast cancer survivors. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;32:461‐7. - PubMed
Granger 2013 {published data only}
    1. Granger CL, Chao C, McDonald CF, Berney S, Denehy L. Safety and feasibility of an exercise intervention for patients following lung resection: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2013;12(3):213‐24. - PubMed
Greenlee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Greenlee HA, Crew KD, Mata JM, McKinley PS, Rundle AG, Zhang W, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors. Obesity (19307381) 2013;21(1):65‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Gruenigen 2012a {published data only}
    1. Gruenigen V, Frasure H, Kavanagh MB, Janata J, Waggoner S, Rose P, et al. Survivors of uterine cancer empowered by exercise and healthy diet (SUCCEED): a randomized controlled trial. Gynecologic Oncology 2012;125(3):699‐704. - PubMed
Gruenigen 2012b {published data only}
    1. Gruenigen VE, Gibbons HE, Kavanagh MB, Janata JW, Lerner E, Courneya KS. A randomized trial of a lifestyle intervention in obese endometrial cancer survivors: quality of life outcomes and mediators of behavior change. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2012;7:doi: 10.1186/1477‐7525‐7‐17. - PMC - PubMed
Guinan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guinan E, Hussey J, Broderick JM, Lithander FE, O'Donnell D, Kennedy MJ, et al. The effect of aerobic exercise on metabolic and inflammatory markers in breast cancer survivors ‐ a pilot study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21(7):1983‐92. - PubMed
Guinan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Guinan E, Doyle SL, O'Neill L, Dunne MR, Foley EK, O'Sullivan J, et al. Effects of a multimodal rehabilitation programme on inflammation and oxidative stress in oesophageal cancer survivors: the ReStOre feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2017;25(3):749‐56. - PubMed
Haines 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haines TP, Sinnamon P, Wetzig NG, Lehman M, Walpole E, Pratt T, et al. Multimodal exercise improves quality of life of women being treated for breast cancer, but at what cost? Randomized trial with economic evaluation. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2010;124:163‐75. - PubMed
Hanssens 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hanssens S, Fontaine C, Decoster L, Schallier DCC, Luyten R, Watthy C, et al. The effect of a varied exercise program (VEP) on shoulder function and lymphedema (LE) in breast cancer survivors (BCs): a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30:DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.30.27_suppl.82.
Hartman 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Palmer BW, Parker B, Patterson RE, Sears DD. Impact of increasing physical activity on cognitive functioning in breast cancer survivors: Rationale and study design of Memory & Motion. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;45:371‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hatchett 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hatchett A, Hallam JS, Ford MA. Evaluation of a social cognitive theory‐based email intervention designed to influence the physical activity of survivors of breast cancer. Psycho‐Oncology 2013;22(4):829‐36. - PubMed
Hayes 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hayes S, Rye S, Battistutta D, Yates P, Pyke C, Bashford J, et al. Design and implementation of the Exercise for Health trial－a pragmatic exercise intervention for women with breast cancer. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32:577‐85. - PubMed
Hayes 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hayes S, Battistutta D, Eakin E. Evaluating telephone versus face‐to‐face modes of exercise intervention delivery to women during and following treatment for breast cancer. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;8:117‐8.
Hayes 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hayes SC, Rye S, Disipio T, Yates P, Bashford J, Pyke C, et al. Exercise for health: a randomized, controlled trial evaluating the impact of a pragmatic, translational exercise intervention on the quality of life, function and treatment‐related side effects following breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2013;137(1):175‐86. - PubMed
Hayes 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hayes S, Friedlander M, Obermair A, Mileshkin L, Janda M, Gordon L, et al. Exercise during chemotherapy for ovarian cancer (ECHO): study design features and outcomes of a cancer Australia and cancer council australia funded randomised, controlled trial. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2014;24:200‐1.
Headley 2004 {published data only}
    1. Headley JA, Ownby KK, John LD. The effect of seated exercise on fatigue and quality of life in women with advanced breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum 2004;31:977‐83. - PubMed
Heim 2007 {published data only}
    1. Heim ME, v d Malsburg ML, Niklas A. Randomized controlled trial of a structured training program in breast cancer patients with tumor‐related chronic fatigue. Onkologie 2007;30(8‐9):429‐34. - PubMed
Herbert 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hebert JR, Hurley TG, Harmon BE, Heiney S, Hebert CJ, Steck SE. A diet, physical activity, and stress reduction intervention in men with rising prostate‐specific antigen after treatment for prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology 2012;36(2):e128‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Herrero 2006 {published data only}
    1. Herrero F, San Juan AF, Fleck SJ, Balmer J, Pérez M, Cañete S, et al. Combined aerobic and resistance training in breast cancer survivors: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2006;27:573‐80. - PubMed
Ho 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ho RT, Fong TC, Cheung IK, Yip PS, Luk MY. Effects of a short‐term dance movement therapy program on symptoms and stress in patients with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2016;51(5):824‐31. - PubMed
Hoffman 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann R. The impact of exercise on hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2013;19:S370‐80.
Hoffman 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hoffman AS, Lowenstein LM, Kamath GR, Housten AJ, Leal VB, Linder SK, et al. An entertainment‐education colorectal cancer screening decision aid for African American patients: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2017;123(8):1401‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Hojan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hojan K, Kwiatkowska‐Borowczyk E, Leporowska E, Gorecki M, Ozga‐Majchrzak O, Milecki T, et al. Physical exercise for functional capacity, blood immune function, fatigue, and quality of life in high‐risk prostate cancer patients during radiotherapy: a prospective, randomized clinical study. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;52(4):489‐501. - PubMed
Hojan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hojan K, Kwiatkowska‐Borowczyk E, Leporowska E, Milecki P. Inflammation, cardiometabolic markers, and functional changes in men with prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial of a 12‐month exercise program. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2017;127(1):25‐35. - PubMed
Huang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Huang HP, Wen FH, Tsai JC, Lin YC, Shun SC, Chang HK, et al. Adherence to prescribed exercise time and intensity declines as the exercise program proceeds: findings from women under treatment for breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer 2015;23(7):2061‐71. - PubMed
Hubbard 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hubbard G, O'Carroll R, Munro J, Mutrie N, Haw S, Mason H, et al. The feasibility and acceptability of trial procedures for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of a structured physical activity intervention for people diagnosed with colorectal cancer: findings from a pilot trial of cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care (no rehabilitation) with an embedded qualitative study. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2016;2(51). - PMC - PubMed
Husebo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Husebo AML, Dyrstad SM, Mjaaland I, Soreide JA, Bru E. Effects of scheduled exercise on cancer‐related fatigue in women with early breast cancer. Scientific World Journal 2014;19((271828)):Epub. - PMC - PubMed
Hwang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hwang CL, Yu CJ, Shih JY, Yang PC, Wu YT. Effects of exercise training on exercise capacity in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer receiving targeted therapy. Supportive Care in Cancer 2012;20(12):3169‐77. - PubMed
James 2012 {published data only}
    1. James E, Boyes A, Courbeya K, Lubans D, Stacey F, Morgan P, et al. A home‐based resistance training program for survivors of prostate cancer: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.809.
Jarden 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jarden M, Moller T, Kjeldsen L, Birgens H, Christensen JF, Christensen KB, et al. Patient Activation through Counseling and Exercise ‐ Acute Leukemia (PACE‐AL) ‐ a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2013;13:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471‐2407‐13‐446. - PMC - PubMed
Jeffs 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jeffs E, Wiseman T. Randomised controlled trial to determine the benefit of daily home‐based exercise in addition to self‐care in the management of breast cancer‐related lymphoedema: a feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21(4):1013‐23. - PubMed
Jensen 2015a {published data only}
    1. Jensen BT, Jensen JB, Borre M, Laustsen S, Petersen AK. Physical prehabilitation is feasible and effective in patients with advanced bladder cancer. Cancer Nursing 2015;38(4):S5.
Jensen 2015b {published data only}
    1. Jensen BT, Petersen AK, Jensen JB, Laustsen S, Borre M. Efficacy of a multiprofessional rehabilitation programme in radical cystectomy pathways: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2015;49(2):133‐41. - PubMed
Jensen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jensen JD, Yale RN, Krakow M, John K, King AJ. Theorizing foreshadowed death narratives: examining the impact of character death on narrative processing and skin self‐exam intentions. Journal of Health Communication 2017;22(1):84‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2014a {published data only}
    1. Jones LW, Douglas PS, Khouri MG, Mackey JR, Wojdyla D, Kraus WE, et al. Safety and efficacy of aerobic training in patients with cancer who have heart failure: an analysis of the HF‐ACTION randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2014;32(23):2496‐502. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2014b {published data only}
    1. Jones LW, Hornsby WE, Freedland SJ, Lane A, West MJ, Moul JW, et al. Effects of nonlinear aerobic training on erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular function following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. European Urology 2014;65(5):852‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Kalter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kalter J, Buffart LM, Korstjens I, Weert E, Brug J, Verdonck‐de Leeuw IM, et al. Moderators of the effects of group‐based physical exercise on cancer survivors' quality of life. Supportive Care in Cancer 2015;23(9):2623‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Kampshoff 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kampshoff CS, Chinapaw MJ, Brug J, Twisk JW, Schep G, Nijziel MR, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of high intensity and low‐to‐moderate intensity exercise on physical fitness and fatigue in cancer survivors: results of the Resistance and Endurance exercise After ChemoTherapy (REACT) study. BMC Medicine 2015;29(13):275. - PMC - PubMed
Kampshoff 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kampshoff CS, Mechelen W, Schep G, Nijziel MR, Witlox L, Bosman L, et al. Participation in and adherence to physical exercise after completion of primary cancer treatment. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2016;13(1):100. - PMC - PubMed
Kanera 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kanera IM, Bolman CA, Willems RA, Mesters I, Lechner L. Lifestyle‐related effects of the web‐based Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer Aftercare Guide) intervention for cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cancer Survivorship 2016;10(5):883‐97. - PMC - PubMed
Kanera 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kanera IM, Willems RA, Bolman CAW, Mesters I, Verboon P, Lechner L. Long‐term effects of a web‐based cancer aftercare intervention on moderate physical activity and vegetable consumption among early cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2017;14(1):19. - PMC - PubMed
Kavanagh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kavanagh MB, Gruenigen VE, Courneya KS, Gibbons HE, Waggoner SE, Lerner E. Effects of a lifestyle intervention on nutrient intake in overweight/obese endometrial cancer survivors. European e‐Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 2009;4:e143‐e147.
Kilbreath 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kilbreath S, Refshauge K, Beith J, Lee M. Resistance and stretching shoulder exercises early following axillary surgery for breast cancer. Rehabilitation Oncology 2006;24:9‐14.
Kilbreath 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kilbreath SL, Refshauge KM, Beith JM, Ward LC, Lee M, Simpson JM, et al. Upper limb progressive resistance training and stretching exercises following surgery for early breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2012;133:667‐76. - PubMed
Kim 2010 {published data only}
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Klepin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Klepin HD, Tooze J, Pardee T, Renee EL, Berenzon D, Howard D, et al. Feasibility of a symptom‐adapted physical activity intervention during induction chemotherapy for older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 2015;126(23):2012.
Klinkhammer‐Schalke 2012 {published data only}
    1. Klinkhammer‐Schalke M, Koller M, Steinger B, Ehret C, Ernst B, Wyatt JC, et al. Regensburg QoL Study Group. Direct improvement of quality of life using a tailored quality of life diagnosis and therapy pathway: randomised trial in 200 women with breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2012;106:826‐38. - PMC - PubMed
Kwiatkowski 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kwiatkowski F, Mouret‐Reynier MA, Duclos M, Leger‐Enreille A, Bridon F, Hahn T, et al. Long term improved quality of life by a 2‐week group physical and educational intervention shortly after breast cancer chemotherapy completion. Results of the 'Programme of Accompanying women after breast Cancer treatment completion in Thermal resorts' (PACThe) randomised clinical trial of 251 patients. European Journal of Cancer 2013;49(7):1530‐8. - PubMed
Lahart 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lahart IM, Metsios GS, Nevill AM, Kitas GD, Carmichael AR. Randomised controlled trial of a home‐based physical activity intervention in breast cancer survivors. BMC Cancer 2016;17(16):234. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Lai Y, Huang J, Yang M, Su J, Liu J, Che G. Seven‐day intensive preoperative rehabilitation for elderly patients with lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Surgical Research 2017;209:30‐6. - PubMed
Lee 2012a {published data only}
    1. Lee CE, Kilgour A, Lau YK. Efficacy of walking exercise in promoting cognitive‐psychosocial functions in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy. BMC Cancer 2012;12:324. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2012b {published data only}
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    1. Lee MK, Yun YH, Park HA, Lee ES, Jung KH, Noh DY. A web‐based self‐management exercise and diet intervention for breast cancer survivors: pilot randomized controlled trial [with consumer summary]. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2014;51(12):1557‐67. - PubMed
Leone 2016 {published data only}
    1. Leone LA, Allicock M, Pignone MP, Walsh JF, Johnson L, Armstrong‐Brown J, et al. C Cluster randomized trial of a church‐based peer counselor and tailored newsletter intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening and physical activity among older African Americans. Health Education & Behavior 2016;43(5):568‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Ligibel 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ligibel JA, Campbell N, Partridge A, Chen WY, Salinardi T, Chen H, et al. Impact of a mixed strength and endurance exercise intervention on insulin levels in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008;26:907‐12. - PubMed
Ligibel 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ligibel JA, Giobbie‐Hurder A, Olenczuk D, Campbell N, Salinardi T, Winer EP, et al. Impact of a mixed strength and endurance exercise intervention on levels of adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin and leptin in breast cancer survivors. Cancer Causes & Control 2009;20:1523‐8. - PubMed
Ligibel 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ligibel JA, Giobbie‐Hurder A, Shockro L, Campbell N, Partridge AH, Tolaney S, et al. Randomized trial of a physical activity intervention in women with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 2016;112(8):1169‐77. - PubMed
Lin 2014 {published data only}
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Litterini 2013 {published data only}
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Livingston 2015 {published data only}
    1. Livingston PM, Craike MJ, Salmon J, Courneya KS, Gaskin CJ, Fraser SF, et al. Effects of a clinician referral and exercise program for men who have completed active treatment for prostate cancer: A multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial (ENGAGE). Cancer 2015;121(15):2646‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Lynch 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lynch BM, Courneya KS, Sethi P, Patrao TA, Hawkes AL. A randomized controlled trial of a multiple health behavior change intervention delivered to colorectal cancer survivors: effects on sedentary behavior. Cancer 2014;120(17):2665‐72. - PubMed
Lyons 2016 {published data only}
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Martin 2013 {published data only}
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McNeely 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. McNeely ML, Parliament M, Courneya KS, Seikaly H, Jha N, Scrimger R, et al. A pilot study of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of progressive resistance exercise training on shoulder dysfunction caused by spinal accessory neurapraxia/neurectomy in head and neck cancer survivors. Head and Neck 2004;26:518‐30. - PubMed
Milecki 2013 {published data only}
    1. Milecki P, Hojan K, Ozga‐Majchrzak O, Molinska‐Glura M. Exercise tolerance in breast cancer patients during radiotherapy after aerobic training. Wspolczesna Onkologia [Contemporary Oncology] 2013;17(2):205‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Mina 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mina DS, Connor MK, Alibhai SMH, Toren P, Guglietti C, Matthew AG, et al. Exercise effects on adipokines and the IGF axis in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation: a randomized study. Canadian Urological Association Journal [Journal de l'Association des Urologues du Canada] 2013;7:E692‐8. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Mock V, Burke MB, Sheehan P, Creaton EM, Winningham ML, McKenney‐Tedder S, et al. A nursing rehabilitation program for women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncology Nursing Forum 1994;21:899‐907. - PubMed
Mock 1997 {published data only}
    1. Mock V, Dow KH, Meares CJ, Grimm PM, Dienemann JA, Haisfield‐Wolfe ME, et al. Effects of exercise on fatigue, physical functioning, and emotional distress during radiation therapy for breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum 1997;24:991‐1000. - PubMed
Mock 2005 {published data only}
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Molassiotis 2015 {published data only}
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Moller 2015 {published data only}
    1. Moller T, Lillelund C, Andersen C, Bloomquist K, Christensen K, Ejlertsen B, et al. Use of exercise in patients with breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer 2015;30:406‐11.
Monga 2007 {published data only}
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Morielli 2018 {published data only}
    1. Morielli AR, Boule NG, Usmani N, Kurian J, Tankel K, Severin D, et al. Predictors of adherence to aerobic exercise in rectal cancer patients during and after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2018;23(2):224‐31. - PubMed
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Mutrie 2007 {published and unpublished data}
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Nieman 1995 {published data only}
    1. Nieman DC, Cook VD, Henson DA, Suttles J, Rejeski WJ, Ribisl PM, et al. Moderate exercise training and natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in breast cancer patients. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1995;16:334‐7. - PubMed
Nikander 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nikander R, Sievänen H, Ojala K, Oivanen T, Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen PL, Saarto T. Effect of a vigorous aerobic regimen on physical performance in breast cancer patients－a randomized controlled pilot trial. Acta Oncologica 2007;46:181‐6. - PubMed
Nikander 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nikander R, Sievanen H, Ojala K, Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen PL, Palva T, Blomqvist C, et al. Effect of exercise on bone structural traits, physical performance and body composition in breast cancer patients ‐ a 12‐month RCT. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2012;12(3):127‐35. - PubMed
Nilsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Nilsen TS, Raastad T, Skovlund E, Courneya KS, Langberg CW, Lilleby W, et al. Effects of strength training on body composition, physical functioning, and quality of life in prostate cancer patients during androgen deprivation therapy. Acta Oncologica 2015;54(10):1805‐13. - PubMed
Nobes 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nobes JP, Langley SEM, Klopper T, Russell‐Jones D, Laing RW. A prospective, randomized pilot study evaluating the effects of metformin and lifestyle intervention on patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy [with consumer summary]. BJU International 2012;109(10):1495‐502. - PubMed
Nuri 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nuri R, Kordi MR, Moghaddasi M, Rahnama N, Damirchi A, Rahmani‐Nia F, et al. Effect of combination exercise training on metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Journal of Cancer Research & Therapeutics 2012;8(2):238‐42. - PubMed
Nuri 2016 {published data only}
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Nyrop 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nyrop KA, Callahan LF, Cleveland RJ, Arbeeva LL, Hackney BS, Muss HB. Randomized controlled trial of a home‐basedwalking program to reducemoderate to severe aromatase inhibitor‐associated arthralgia in breast cancer survivors. Oncologist 2017;22(10):1238‐48. - PMC - PubMed
O'Neil 2015 {published data only}
    1. O'Neill RF, Haseen F, Murray LJ, O'Sullivan JM, Cantwell MM. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 6‐month dietary and physical activity intervention for patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Cancer Survivorship 2015;9(3):431‐40. - PubMed
Ohira 2006 {published data only}
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    1. Park SW, Kim TN, Nam JK, Ha HK, Shin DG, Lee W, et al. Recovery of overall exercise ability, quality of life, and continence after 12‐week combined exercise intervention in elderly patients who underwent radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled study. Urology 2012;80:299‐305. - PubMed
Park 2016 {published data only}
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Payne 2008 {published data only}
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Philips 2012 {published data only}
    1. Phillips KM, Jim HS, Small BJ, Tanvetyanon T, Roberts WS, Jacobsen PB. Effects of self‐directed stress management training and home‐based exercise on stress management skills in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Stress and Health 2012;25(5):368‐75. - PubMed
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Pinto 2013a {published data only}
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Pinto 2013b {published data only}
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Pinto 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pinto BM, Stein K, Dunsiger S. Peers promoting physical activity among breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2015;34(5):463‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Porserud 2014 {published data only}
    1. Porserud A, Sherif A, Tollbäck A. The effects of a physical exercise programme after radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer. A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28(5):451‐9. - PubMed
Portela 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Portela ALM, Santaella CL, Gómez CC, Burch A. Feasibility of an exercise program for Puerto Rican women who are breast cancer survivors. Rehabilitation Oncology 2008;26(2):20‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Rabin 2016 {published data only}
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Rahnama 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rahnama N, Nouri R, Rahmaninia F, Damirchi A, Emami H. The effects of exercise training on maximum aerobic capacity, resting heart rate, blood pressure and anthropometric variables of postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2010;15:78‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Rao 2012 {published data only}
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Reis 2013 {published and unpublished data}
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Rogers 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rogers LQ, Hopkins‐Price P, Vicari S, Pamenter R, Courneya KS, Markwell S, et al. A randomized trial to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009;41:935‐46. - PubMed
Rogers 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rogers LQ, Fogleman A, Trammell R, Hopkins‐Price P, Vicari S, Rao K, et al. Effects of a physical activity behavior change intervention on inflammation and related health outcomes in breast cancer survivors: pilot randomized trial. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2012;4(2013):323‐35. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735412449687] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rogers 2013a {published data only}
    1. Rogers LQ, Anton PM, Fogleman A, Hopkins‐Price P, Verhulst S, Rao K, et al. Pilot, randomized trial of resistance exercise during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Head & Neck 2013;35(8):1178‐88. - PubMed
Rogers 2013b {published data only}
    1. Rogers LQ, Fogleman A, Trammell R, Hopkins‐Price P, Vicari S, Rao K, et al. Effects of a physical activity behavior change intervention on inflammation and related health outcomes in breast cancer survivors: pilot randomized trial. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2013;12(4):323‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Rogers 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rogers LQ, Vicari S, Trammell R, Hopkins‐Price P, Fogleman A, Spenner A, et al. Biobehavioral factors mediate exercise effects on fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2014;46(6):1077‐88. - PMC - PubMed
Rogers 2015b {published data only}
    1. Rogers LQ, Fogleman A, Trammell R, Hopkins‐Price P, Spenner A, Vicari S, et al. Inflammation and psychosocial factors mediate exercise effects on sleep quality in breast cancer survivors: pilot randomized controlled trial. Psycho‐Oncology 2015;24(3):302‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Saarto 2012a {published data only}
    1. Saarto T, Penttinen HM, Sievanen H, Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen PL, Hakamies‐Blomqvist L, Nikander R, et al. Effectiveness of a 12‐month exercise program on physical performance and quality of life of breast cancer survivors. Anticancer Research 2012;32(9):3875‐84. - PubMed
Saarto 2012b {published data only}
    1. Saarto T, Sievanen H, Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen P, Nikander R, Vehmanen L, Huovinen R, et al. Effect of supervised and home exercise training on bone mineral density among breast cancer patients. A 12‐month randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2012;23(5):1601‐12. - PubMed
Sajid 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sajid S, Dale W, Mustian K, Kotwal A, Heckler C, Porto M, et al. Novel physical activity interventions for older patients with prostate cancer on hormone therapy: a pilot randomized study. Journal of Geriatric Oncology 2016;7(2):71‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Samuel 2013 {published data only}
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Schmidt 2015 {published data only}
    1. Shmidt ME, Wiskemann J, Armburst P, Schneeweiss A, Ulrich C, Steindorf K. Effects of resistance exercise on fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Cancer 2015;35(10):5623‐9. - PubMed
Schmidt 2017a {published data only}
    1. Schmidt ME, Wiskemann J, Ulrich CM, Schneeweiss A, Steindorf K. Self‐reported physical activity behavior of breast cancer survivors during and after adjuvant therapy: 12 months follow‐up of two randomized exercise intervention trials. Acta Oncologica 2017;56(4):618‐27. - PubMed
Schmidt 2017b {published data only}
    1. Schmidt T, Berner J, Jonat W, Weisser B, Rocken C, Mackelenbergh M, et al. Influence of arm crank ergometry on development of lymphoedema in breast cancer patients after axillary dissection: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2017;49(1):78‐83. - PubMed
Schmitz 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Troxel A, Cheville A, Smith R, Lewis‐Grant L, et al. Weight lifting in women with breast‐cancer‐related lymphedema. New England Journal of Medicine 2009;361:664‐73. - PubMed
Schmitz 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Troxel AB, Cheville A, Lewis‐Grant L, Smith R, et al. Weight lifting for women at risk for breast cancer‐related lymphedema: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010;304:2699‐705. - PubMed
Schmitz 2015a {published data only}
    1. Schmitz KH, Williams NI, Kontos D, Domchek S, Morales KH, Hwang WT, et al. Dose‐response effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen among women at high risk for breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2015;154(2):309‐18. - PMC - PubMed
Schmitz 2015b {published data only}
    1. Schmitz KH, Williams NI, Kontos D, Kurzer MS, Schnall M, Domchek S, et al. Women In Steady Exercise Research (WISER) Sister: study design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;41:17‐30. - PubMed
Schuler 2017 {published data only}
    1. Schuler MK, Hentschel L, Kisel W, Kramer M, Lenz F, Hornemann B, et al. Impact of different exercise programs on severe fatigue in patients undergoing anticancer treatment ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2017;53(1):57‐66. - PubMed
Schwartz 2015 {published data only}
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Scruggs 2018 {published data only}
    1. Scruggs S, Mama SK, Carmack CL, Douglas T, Diamond P, Basen‐Engquist K. Randomized trial of a lifestyle physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors: effects on transtheoretical model variables. Health Promotion Practice 2018;19(1):134‐44. - PubMed
Sebio Garcia 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sebio Garcia R, Yanez‐Brage MI, Gimenez Moolhuyzen E, Salorio Riobo M, Lista Paz A, Borro Mate JM. Preoperative exercise training prevents functional decline after lung resection surgery: a randomized, single‐blind controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2017;31(8):1057‐67. - PubMed
Segal 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Segal R, Evans W, Johnson D, Smith J, Colletta S, Gayton J, et al. Structured exercise improves physical functioning in women with stages I and II breast cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2001;19:657‐65. - PubMed
Segal 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, Parliament MB, Scott CG, et al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21:1653‐9. - PubMed
Segal 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Prud'Homme DG, et al. Randomized controlled trial of resistance or aerobic exercise in men receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27:344‐51. - PubMed
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    1. Sener HO, Malkoc M, Ergin G, Karadibak D, Yavuzsen T. Effects of clinical pilates exercises on patients developing lymphedema after breast cancer treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Breast Health 2017;13(1):16‐22. - PMC - PubMed
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Shobeiri 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shobeiri F, Masoumi SZ, Nikravesh A, Heidari Moghadam R, Karami M. The impact of aerobic exercise on quality of life in women with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial [with consumer summary]. Journal of Research in Health Sciences 2016;16(3):127‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Short 2012 {published data only}
    1. Short C, James E, Girgis A, McElduff P, Plotnikoff R. The efficacy of two theoretically‐based print interventions for promoting PA behaviour among post‐treatment breast cancer survivors: a nationally‐based 3‐arm RCT. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S175‐6.
Short 2017a {published data only}
    1. Short CE, James EL, Girgis A, D'Souza MI, Plotnikoff RC. Main outcomes of the Move More for Life Trial: A randomised controlled trial examining the effects of tailored‐print and targeted‐print materials for promoting physical activity among post‐treatment breast cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology 2017;24(7):771‐8. - PubMed
Short 2017b {published data only}
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Singh 2015 {published data only}
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Skinner 2016 {published data only}
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Sohl 2016 {published data only}
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Spahn 2013 {published data only}
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Stacey 2016 {published data only}
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Stefanelli 2013 {published data only}
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Stolley 2017 {published data only}
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Streckman 2014 {published data only}
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Sturgeon 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sturgeon KM, Dean LT, Heroux M, Kane J, Bauer T, Palmer E, et al. Commercially available lifestyle modification program: randomized controlled trial addressing heart and bone health in BRCA1/2+ breast cancer survivors after risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy. Journal of Cancer Survivorship 2017;11(2):246‐55. - PMC - PubMed
Swisher 2015 {published data only}
    1. Swisher AK, Abraham J, Bonner D, Gilleland D, Hobbs G, Kurian S, et al. Exercise and dietary advice intervention for survivors of triple‐negative breast cancer: effects on body fat, physical function, quality of life, and adipokine profile. Supportive Care in Cancer 2015;23(10):2995‐3003. - PMC - PubMed
Taafe 2017 {published data only}
    1. Taaffe DR, Newton RU, Spry N, Joseph D, Chambers SK, Gardiner RA, et al. Effects of different exercise modalities on fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: a year‐long randomised controlled trial. European Urology 2017;72(2):293‐9. - PubMed
Taleghani 2012 {published data only}
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Taso 2014 {published data only}
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Terranova 2017 {published data only}
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Tomasello 2017 {published data only}
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Tometich 2017 {published data only}
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Travier 2015 {published data only}
    1. Travier N, Velthuis MJ, Steins Bisschop CN, Buijs B, Monninkhof EM, Backx F, et al. Effects of an 18‐week exercise programme started early during breast cancer treatment: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2015;13(121):Epub. - PMC - PubMed
Trinh 2014 {published data only}
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Uth 2014 {published data only}
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Uth 2016 {published data only}
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Van Vulpen 2016 {published data only}
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van Waart 2015 {published data only}
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von Gruenigen 2008 {published and unpublished data}
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von Gruenigen 2009 {published and unpublished data}
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von Gruenigen 2012 {published and unpublished data}
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Waltman 2010 {published and unpublished data}
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Wang 2012 {published data only}
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Wasley 2018 {published data only}
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Wiskemann 2017 {published data only}
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Xu 2015 {published data only}
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Yeo 2012 {published and unpublished data}
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Yuen 2007 {published and unpublished data}
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Yun 2013 {published data only}
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Zhang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Q, Li F, Zhang H, Yu X, Cong Y. Effects of nurse‐led home‐based exercise & cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing cancer‐related fatigue in patients with ovarian cancer during and after chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;78:52‐60. - PubMed
Zhao 2016 {published data only}
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Zhou 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhou Y, Gottlieb L, Cartmel B, Li F, Ercolano EA, Harrigan M, et al. Randomized trial of exercise on quality of life and fatigue in women diagnosed with ovarian cancer: the women's activity and lifestyle study in connecticut (WALC). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015;33:9505.
Zimmer 2014 {published data only}
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Zimmer 2016 {published data only}
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Zopf 2012 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Bai 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bai S‐M, Ma C, Liu Y‐M, Xue W‐P, Luo M, Ou Z‐H. Effects of cognitive behavior intervention and cinesiateics on the quality of life of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;8(29):6312‐3.
Chen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chen J, Luo A, He Y. Influence of postoperative rehabilitation exercises on functional recovery of ill limb of breast cancer patients. Chinese Nursing Research 2010;24(4A):875‐7.
Cho 2004 {published data only}
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Guo 2004 {published data only}
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Hu 2013 {published data only}
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Wang 2005 {published data only}
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Zhang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Effects of rehabilitation therapy in relieving pain and improving quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu (Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation) 2005, (40):59‐61.

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