Hepatic fat and glucose tolerance in women with recent gestational diabetes

Abstract

Objective: Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an elevated risk of ultimately developing pre-diabetes and diabetes later in life. They also have an increased prevalence of fatty liver, but recent studies have reported conflicting findings on whether hepatic fat affects their risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes. Thus, we sought to evaluate the associations of liver fat with glucose homeostasis and determinants thereof in women with and without recent gestational dysglycemia.

Methods: Two hundred and fifty-seven women underwent an antepartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which diagnosed 97 with GDM, 40 with gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT), and 120 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). At a mean of 4.8 years post partum, they underwent an OGTT (which revealed that 52 had progressed to pre-diabetes/diabetes) and hepatic ultrasound, on which liver fat was graded as none (n=164), mild (n=66), or moderate (n=27).

Results: Liver fat was more prevalent in women with previous GDM than in those with GIGT or NGT (p=0.009) and in women with current pre-diabetes/diabetes than in those without (p=0.0003). As the severity of liver fat increased, there was a progressive worsening of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, coupled with rising fasting and 2-hour glucose (all p<0.0001). On multiple linear regression analyses, moderate liver fat was independently associated with lower insulin sensitivity (p=0.0002) and higher 2-hour glucose (p=0.009). Moreover, moderate liver fat emerged as an independent predictor of pre-diabetes/diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI 1.1 to 12.5).

Conclusion: The higher prevalence of liver fat in women with previous GDM is associated with their increased risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes.

Keywords: fatty liver; gestational diabetes; insulin sensitivity; liver fat; pre-diabetes.

Figure 1

Prevalence of liver fat scores (0, 1, or ≥2) by (A) gestational glucose tolerance group in recent pregnancy, (B) by current glucose tolerance status, and (C) by gestational glucose tolerance and current glucose tolerance, respectively. P values refer to overall comparison across the groups. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GIGT, gestational impaired glucose tolerance; NGT, normal glucose tolerance.

Figure 2

Logistic regression analysis of (dependent variable) pre-diabetes/diabetes. BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GIGT, gestational impaired glucose tolerance; NGT, normal glucose tolerance.