MicroRNAs and DNA-Damaging Drugs in Breast Cancer: Strength in Numbers

Abstract

MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs playing key roles in cancer. Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide and is categorized into four molecular subtypes: luminal A and B, HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Despite the development of multiple targeted therapies for luminal and HER2+ breast tumors, TNBC lacks specific therapeutic approaches, thus they are treated mainly with radio- and chemotherapy. The effectiveness of these therapeutic regimens is based on their ability to induce DNA damage, which is differentially resolved and repaired by normal vs. cancer cells. Recently, drugs directly targeting DNA repair mechanisms, such as PARP inhibitors, have emerged as attractive candidates for the future molecular targeted-therapy in breast cancer. These compounds prevent cancer cells to appropriate repair DNA double strand breaks and induce a phenomenon called synthetic lethality, that results from the concurrent inhibition of PARP and the absence of functional BRCA genes which prompt cell death. MicroRNAs are relevant players in most of the biological processes including DNA damage repair mechanisms. Consistently, the downregulation of DNA repair genes by miRNAs have been probe to improve the therapeutic effect of genotoxic drugs. In this review, we discuss how microRNAs can sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging drugs, through the regulation of DNA repair genes, and examine the most recent findings on their possible use as a therapeutic tools of treatment response in breast cancer.

Keywords: DNA damage response; DNA repair; DNA-damaging drugs; breast cancer; microRNAs.

Figure 1

A schematic representation of DNA repair mechanisms and some relevant miRNAs involved in the modulation of DNA repair genes.

Figure 2

(A) Breast cancer cells can still repair the DNA damage, caused by radiotherapy, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitor treatments, using DDR mechanisms. (B) MiRNAs impair the activation of DDR mechanisms by targeting DNA repair genes, improving the sensitivity to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors.