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Review
. 2018 Sep 19;6(3):65.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines6030065.

BDCA1+CD14+ Immunosuppressive Cells in Cancer, a Potential Target?

Thomas J van Ee  1 , Heleen H Van Acker  2 , Tom G van Oorschot  3 , Viggo F Van Tendeloo  4 , Evelien L Smits  5   6 , Ghaith Bakdash  7 , Gerty Schreibelt  8 , I Jolanda M de Vries  9   10
Affiliations
Review

BDCA1+CD14+ Immunosuppressive Cells in Cancer, a Potential Target?

Thomas J van Ee et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines show promising effects in cancer immunotherapy. However, their efficacy is affected by a number of factors, including (1) the quality of the DC vaccine and (2) tumor immune evasion. The recently characterized BDCA1+CD14+ immunosuppressive cells combine both aspects; their presence in DC vaccines may directly hamper vaccine efficacy, whereas, in patients, BDCA1+CD14+ cells may suppress the induced immune response in an antigen-specific manner systemically and at the tumor site. We hypothesize that BDCA1+CD14+ cells are present in a broad spectrum of cancers and demand further investigation to reveal treatment opportunities and/or improvement for DC vaccines. In this review, we summarize the findings on BDCA1+CD14+ cells in solid cancers. In addition, we evaluate the presence of BDCA1+CD14+ cells in leukemic cancers. Preliminary results suggest that the presence of BDCA1+CD14+ cells correlates with clinical features of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. Future research focusing on the differentiation from monocytes towards BDCA1+CD14+ cells could reveal more about their cell biology and clinical significance. Targeting these cells in cancer patients may improve the outcome of cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords: BDCA1+CD14+ cells; cancer; cancer immunotherapy; dendritic cells; immune suppression; tumor microenvironment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure A1
Figure A1
Frequency of BDCA1+CD14+ cells in PBMCs of leukemia patients. Frequency of cells was analyzed by flow cytometry in BMPC of healthy controls and patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL; n = 2), chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL; n = 1), biphenotypical leukemia (BAL; n = 2) or idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF; n = 1). Each dot represents PBMCs of a single patient. Mean ± SD.
Figure A2
Figure A2
Flow cytometry gating strategy for BDCA1+CD14+ cells in PBMCs of patients with leukemia. Lymphocytes and monocytes were gated based on forward scatter and side scatter; single cells were gated on the basis of side scatter width and side scatter height followed by forward scatter width and forward scatter height; viable cells were eFluor506 negative; BDCA1+CD14+ cells were identified within the population of Lineage-positive and HLA-DR+ cells.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Frequency of BDCA1+CD14+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of leukemia patients. Frequency of cells was analyzed by flow cytometry in PBMCs of healthy controls (n = 3) and patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n = 7), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML; n = 3) or a CML blast crisis (n = 2). Each dot represents PBMCs of a single patient. Mean ± SD. * p < 0.05%; One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).
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