Iron-modulated virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica

Abstract

Entamoeba histolytica is a human parasite that causes amoebiasis, a disease that affects the colon and liver and is prevalent worldwide. This protozoan requires a high concentration of iron to survive and reproduce. Iron modulates the expression of parasite virulence factors, including hemoglobinases, hemoglobin-binding proteins and cysteine proteases, as well as proteins related to the amoebic cytoskeleton. This review summarizes the virulence factors that are affected by iron, resulting in upregulation or downregulation of E. histolytica genes. This review also discusses the functionality of iron in the mechanisms of pathogenesis.

Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica; IREs; IRPs; binding proteins; cysteine proteases; hemoglobinase; iron; oxidation-reduction proteins; virulence; virulence factors.