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. 2018 Sep 20;23(10):2414.
doi: 10.3390/molecules23102414.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds: A Promising Alternative for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Sergio Pineda-Castillo  1 , Andrés Bernal-Ballén  2 , Cristian Bernal-López  3 , Hugo Segura-Puello  4 , Diana Nieto-Mosquera  5 , Andrea Villamil-Ballesteros  6 , Diana Muñoz-Forero  7 , Lukas Munster  8
Affiliations

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds: A Promising Alternative for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Sergio Pineda-Castillo et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Scaffolds can be considered as one of the most promising treatments for bone tissue regeneration. Herein, blends of chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), and hydroxyapatite in different ratios were used to synthesize scaffolds via freeze-drying. Mechanical tests, FTIR, swelling and solubility degree, DSC, morphology, and cell viability were used as characterization techniques. Statistical significance of the experiments was determined using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with p < 0.05. Crosslinked and plasticized scaffolds absorbed five times more water than non-crosslinked and plasticized ones, which is an indicator of better hydrophilic features, as well as adequate resistance to water without detriment of the swelling potential. Indeed, the tested mechanical properties were notably higher for samples which were undergone to crosslinking and plasticized process. The presence of chitosan is determinant in pore formation and distribution which is an imperative for cell communication. Uniform pore size with diameters ranging from 142 to 519 µm were obtained, a range that has been described as optimal for bone tissue regeneration. Moreover, cytotoxicity was considered as negligible in the tested conditions, and viability indicates that the material might have potential as a bone regeneration system.

Keywords: cell differentiation; cell proliferation; chitosan; poly(vinyl alcohol); scaffolds.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of interactions between CH, PVA, GLU, and GLY. (a) CH crosslinked by GLU. (b) PVA crosslinked by GLU. (c) Hydrogen bonding between CH and PVA with GLY.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Collection of the obtained FTIR spectra. (A) Hydroxyapatite; (B) (a) PVA and (b) CH; (C) Prepared scaffolds (a) CH:PVA 1:1 GLU-GLY; (b) CH:PVA 1:1; (c) CH:PVA 1:3 GLU-GLY; (d) CH:PVA 1:3; (e) CH:PVA 3:1 GLU-GLY; (f) CH:PVA 3:1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Tensile stress-strain curves for prepared samples.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Thermograms for the studied materials. (a) Pure polymers; (b) CPS; (c) nCPS.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Surface SEM images for CPS (left) and nCPS (right) at 250×. (a) CH:PVA 1:1 GLU-GLY; (b) CH:PVA 1:1; (c) CH:PVA 1:3 GLU-GLY; (d) CH:PVA 1:3; (e) CH:PVA 3:1 GLU-GLY; (f) CH:PVA 3:1.
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM images of surface for CPS (left) and nCPS (right) at 1000×. (a) CH:PVA 1:1 GLU-GLY; (b) CH:PVA 1:1; (c) CH:PVA 1:3 GLU-GLY; (d) CH:PVA 1:3; (e) CH:PVA 3:1 GLU-GLY; (f) CH:PVA 3:1.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Bulk SEM images at 250× of CH:PVA 3:1 GLU-GLY.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Trypsinized osteoblastic cells. (b) Osteocyte cell found in the surroundings of sample CH 1:3 PVA + GLU/GLY.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Cell culture after 5 days.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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