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Review
. 2019 Feb;90(2):227-234.
doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318932. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

Unravelling of the paroxysmal dyskinesias

Roberto Erro  1 , Kailash P Bhatia  2
Affiliations
Review

Unravelling of the paroxysmal dyskinesias

Roberto Erro et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 Feb.

Abstract

Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxD) refer to a rare group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders presenting with recurrent attacks of abnormal movements, typically dystonia, chorea or a combination thereof, without loss of consciousness. Classically, PxD have been categorised according to their triggers and duration of the attacks, but increasing evidence suggests that there is a certain degree of clinical and genetic overlap and challenges the concept that one phenotype is attributable to one single aetiology. Here we review the increasing spectrum of genetic conditions, as well as of other non-genetic disorders, that might present with PxD, provide criteria for case definition and propose a diagnostic workup to reach a definitive diagnosis, on which treatment is heavily dependent.

Keywords: GLUT1.; PED; PKD; PNKD; PRRT2.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: RE received honoraria for speaking at meetings from TEVA, ZAMBON and the International Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Society. He receives royalties from publication of Case Studies in Movement Disorders–Common and uncommon presentations (Cambridge University Press, 2017). KPB has received grant support from Welcome/MRC, NIHR, Parkinsons’s UK and EU Horizon 2020. He receives royalties from publication of the Oxford Specialist Handbook Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2008), of Marsden's Book of Movement Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), and of Case Studies in Movement Disorders–Common and uncommon presentations (Cambridge University Press, 2017). He has received honoraria/personal compensation for participating as consultant/scientific board member from Ipsen, Allergan, Merz and honoraria for speaking at meetings and from Allergan, Ipsen, Merz, Sun Pharma, Teva, UCB Pharmaceuticals and from the American Academy of Neurology and the International Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Society.

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