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. 2018 Sep 24;17(1):134.
doi: 10.1186/s12939-018-0850-9.

Beyond the template: the needs of tribal women and their experiences with maternity services in Odisha, India

Sana Q Contractor  1 , Abhijit Das  2 , Jashodhara Dasgupta  3 , Sara Van Belle  4
Affiliations

Beyond the template: the needs of tribal women and their experiences with maternity services in Odisha, India

Sana Q Contractor et al. Int J Equity Health. .

Abstract

Background: Over the past 15 years, several efforts have been made by the Government of India to improve maternal health, primarily through providing cash incentives to increase institutional child birth and strengthen services in the public health system. The result has been a definite but unequal increase in the proportion of institutional deliveries, across geographical areas and social groups. Tribal (indigenous) communities are one such group in which the proportion of institutional deliveries is low. The persistence of these inequities indicates that a different approach is required to address the maternal health challenges in these communities.

Methods: This paper describes an exploratory study in Rayagada District of Odisha which aimed to understand tribal women's experiences with pregnancy and childbirth and their interactions with the formal health system. Methods included in-depth interviews with women, traditional healers and formal health care providers and outreach workers, observations in the community and health facilities.

Results: The exploration of traditional practices shows that in this community, pregnancy and childbirth is treated as part of a natural process, not requiring external intervention. There is a well-established practice of birthing in the community which also recognizes the need for health system interventions in case of high-risk births or complications. However, there has been no effort by the health system to build on this traditional understanding of safety of woman and child. Instead, the system continues to rely on incentives and disincentives to motivate women. Traditional health providers who are important stakeholders have not been integrated into the health system. Despite the immense difficulties that women face, however, they do access health facilities, but barriers of distance, language, cultural inappropriateness of services, and experiences of gross violations have further compounded their distrust.

Conclusions: The results of the study suggest a re-examining of the very approach to addressing maternal health in this community. The study calls for reorienting maternal health services, to be responsive to the requirements of tribal women, cater to their cultural needs, provide support to domiciliary deliveries, invest in building trust with the community, and preserve beneficial traditional practices.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The research methodology and tools were reviewed by the project’s advisory board for ethical concerns as well as scientific rigour. All study participants provided consent to participate in the study.

Consent for publication

Participants consented to their anonymised data being published at the time of informed consent via the study’s consent form.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Coverage of antenatal care and institutional childbirth by caste, India and Odisha, Source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16: India. Mumbai: IIPS. 2017 and National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16: Odisha. Mumbai: IIPS. 2017.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Registrar General of India. Maternal Mortality Ratio Bulletin 2011–13 Sample Registration System Office Of Registrar General, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/mmr_bulletin_2011-13.pdf Accessed 30 Jan 2018.
    1. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF . National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. Mumbai: IIPS; 2017.
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