Plant-based metallic nanoparticles as potential theranostics agents: bioinspired tool for imaging and treatment

Abstract

Theranostic approach provides us a platform where diagnosis and treatment can be carried out simultaneously. Biosynthesis of theranostic-capable nanoparticles (NPs) can be carried out by phytoconstituents present inside the plants that can act as capping as well as stabilising agents by offering several advantages over chemical and physical methods. This article highlights the theranostic role of NPs with emphasis on potential of plants to produce these NPs through ecofriendly approach that is called 'Green synthesis'. Biosynthesis, advantages, and disadvantages of plant-based theronostics have been discussed for better understanding. Moreover, this article has highlighted the approaches required to optimise the plant-mediated synthesis of NPs and to avoid the toxicity of these agents. Anticipating all of the challenges, the authors expect biogenic NPs can appear as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents in near future.

Fig. 1

Representation of types of nanoparticles synthesise via different plants [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]

Fig. 2

Applications of plant‐based nanomaterials in disease diagnosis and treatment [20, 21, 22, 23]. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; PET, positron emission tomography

Fig. 3

Representation of biomedical applications of IONPs [49, 50, 51]

Fig. 4

Biomedical applications of Ag NPs [15, 74, 78]

Fig. 5

Biomedical applications of CuS NPs [93]

Fig. 6

Schematic illustration of general fabrication process for plant‐based green synthesis of nanoparticles [14, 17, 79, 130, 131]