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. 2018 Sep 24;23(10):2440.
doi: 10.3390/molecules23102440.

Geographic Variation in the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja Leaves

Yang Liu  1   2 , Pei Chen  3 , Mingming Zhou  4 , Tongli Wang  5 , Shengzuo Fang  6   7 , Xulan Shang  8   9 , Xiangxiang Fu  10   11
Affiliations

Geographic Variation in the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja Leaves

Yang Liu et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Cyclocarya paliurus has been widely used as an ingredient in functional foods in China. However, the antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds and the effect of the plant origin remain unclear. The present study evaluated the geographical variation of this plant in term of its phenolic composition and antioxidant activities based on leaf materials collected from five regions. high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that there are three major components, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and their contents varied significantly among sampling locations. The investigated phenolic compounds showed substantial antioxidant activities, both in vitro and in vivo, with the highest capacity observed from Wufeng and Jinzhongshan. Correlation analysis revealed that quercetin and kaempferol glycosides might be responsible for the antioxidant activities. Our results indicate the importance of geographic origin, with sunny hours and temperature as the main drivers affecting the accumulation of C. paliurus phenolics and their antioxidant properties.

Keywords: Cyclocarya paliurus; HPLC; antioxidant; geographic origin; phenolics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structures of the 10 quantitative compounds in leaves of C. paliurus: (1) 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid; (2) 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid; (3) quercetin-3-O-glucuronide; (4) quercetin-3-O-galactoside; (5) isoquercitrin; (6) kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide; (7) kaempferol 3-O-glucoside; (8) quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside; (9) 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; (10) kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Canonical correspondence analysis biplot of C. paliurus phenolics, linking contents of the individual components, geographical locations (JZS, MC, WF, MW, and SN) and their bioclimatic indices. T: mean annual temperature; SH: mean annual sunshine hours; AL: altitude; P: mean annual precipitation; P1: 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid; P2: 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid; P3: 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; F1: quercetin-3-O-glucuronide; F2: quercetin-3-O-galactoside; F3: isoquercitrin; F4: kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide; F5: kaempferol-3-O-glucoside; F6: quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside; F7: kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Antioxidant activities of C. paliurus phenolics from different locations (JZS, MC, WF, MW, and SN) in vitro, using two different testing systems. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between locations.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Antioxidant index of C. paliurus phenolics from sampling locations (JZS, MC, WF, MW, and SN) in diabetic model mice. Columns having different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. DC: diabetic control group; NC: normal control group; PC: positive control group.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Principal component analysis for studied locations (JZS, MC, WF, MW, and SN) performed on values of both in vitro and in vivo antioxidant indices (Biplot according to the first two axes).
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