Anatomy, Thorax, Xiphoid Process

Excerpt

The sternum consists of 3 major parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process, with the xiphoid process being the smallest and most distal part of the 3. The manubrium is the broad, quadrangular, and most superior segment and is characterized by its superior dip known as the suprasternal notch. The body is the middle and longest part and connects to the manubrium at the sternal angle. The xiphoid process is triangular and is the most distal part of the sternum. See Image. Sternum Anatomy.

The term xiphoid process comes from the word "xiphos," which is of Greek origin and means straight sword describing the morphology of this bone. It is approximately 2 to 5 cm in length. The xiphoid varies in shape and size; it is primarily triangular, with its base directed superiorly and the tip pointing inferiorly at the level of the T10 vertebra. The base of the xiphoid process articulates with the distal end of the sternal body, forming the xiphisternal joint. Unlike the suprasternal/ jugular notch at the superior end of the manubrium of the sternum, palpating the xiphoid process can sometimes be challenging. Externally, the xiphoid process is located in the epigastric region of the anterior thoracic wall. At birth, the xiphoid is purely cartilaginous and is made of 2 types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage in the proximal portion and elastic cartilage in the distal part. With age, the xiphoid process ossifies; the ossification age is vastly variable.