Advances in rabies prophylaxis and treatment with emphasis on immunoresponse mechanisms

Abstract

Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO-OIE-FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal-human-ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.

Keywords: Bat lyssavirus; Biting; Rabies; SAG1; Treatment; Vaccine.

Fig. 1

Global map of dog transmitted rabies to human according to the WHO. The presented data refer to rabies transmission via domestic dogs. Data concerning rabies caused by wild animals are not involved. Wild animals are the major threat for rabies transmission in Europe and North America. Source of the map: WHO map of the year 2015 downloaded from: http://www.who.int/rabies/Presence_dog_transmitted_human_Rabies_2014.png?ua=1.