Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors and the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Clinical studies evaluating the cardiovascular safety/impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors demonstrated a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events driven primarily by a reduced cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes and previous cardiovascular disease. These somewhat unexpected results are coupled with SGLT-2 inhibitors' known acute effect of improvement in glycemia, reduction in blood pressure, and weight loss. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors, the metabolic effects of this class of medication, and the remarkable results of cardiovascular safety trials. In addition, we discuss adverse effects associated with these medications and the current recommendations for the use of these agents in the management of diabetes.

Keywords: SGLT-2; T2DM; cardiovascular disease; glucose lowering; sodium–glucose cotransporter–2 inhibitors; type 2 diabetes mellitus.